Epigenetic regulation and RNA processing jointly contribute to developmental stability in Arabidopsis. The DNA demethylase DEMETER (DME) and the RNA splicing factor BRR2a are individually known to influence transcriptional regulation, but their mechan...
Epigenetic regulation and RNA processing jointly contribute to developmental stability in Arabidopsis. The DNA demethylase DEMETER (DME) and the RNA splicing factor BRR2a are individually known to influence transcriptional regulation, but their mechanistic interplay remains unclear. Here, we integrated genetic, molecular, and multi-omics analyses of dme, brr2a, and sta1 mutants to elucidate the coordinated regulatory network among these factors.
We demonstrate a direct physical link between epigenetic and splicing machineries. Yeast two-hybrid and three-hybrid assays revealed that BRR2a interacts with the N-terminus of DME as well as with STA1, forming a ternary DME–BRR2a–STA1 complex. This suggests that BRR2a functions as a scaffold, facilitating the incorporation of DME into a splicing-associated regulatory module. Although the brr2a-1 allele exhibited severe seed abortion, highlighting its essential role, our focus was on the functional convergence mediated by the ternary complex.
Transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses further support the coupling of these processes. RNA sequencing revealed that dme, brr2a, and sta1 share similar Gene Ontology enrichment patterns, particularly among stress-response genes. Analysis of RdDM-related genes showed that dme displayed the most pronounced transcriptional perturbation, including downregulation of core components such as NRPD1 and DRM2. Notably, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing demonstrated that all three mutants exhibited elevated CHH hypomethylation and defects at transposable element (TE) boundaries, paralleling the methylation defects observed in dme. This indicates that defects in splicing factors can compromise RdDM-dependent DNA methylation maintenance.
Collectively, our findings uncover a mechanistic link among DME, BRR2a, and STA1, demonstrating that RNA splicing factors are integral to the maintenance of DNA methylation patterns. We propose that the DME–BRR2a–STA1 regulatory axis integrates RNA processing with DNA methylation dynamics to ensure transcriptional control and epigenetic homeostasis in Arabidopsis.