Purpose:
Ultra-high dose-rate radiotherapy, known as FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT), has been reported to spare normal tissues while maintaining tumor control. However, its effects on the hematopoietic and immune systems remain unclear. This study aime...
Purpose:
Ultra-high dose-rate radiotherapy, known as FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH-RT), has been reported to spare normal tissues while maintaining tumor control. However, its effects on the hematopoietic and immune systems remain unclear. This study aimed to compare the early hematopoietic toxicity and subsequent lymphohematopoietic recovery between FLASH-RT and conventional dose-rate radiotherapy (CONV-RT) at 3 Gy and 5 Gy of total body irradiation (TBI) in mice.
Materials and Methods:
Seven-week-old male C57BL/6N mice were assigned to control (0 Gy), FLASH-RT (109 Gy/s), or CONV-RT (0.067 Gy/s) groups. FLASH-RT was performed using the DIRAMS LINAC with 6-MeV electron beams. Mice were sacrificed on days 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 post-TBI for analyses of peripheral blood, bone marrow (BM), spleen, and thymus. Hematologic parameters were evaluated using an automated analyzer, and immune cell populations were assessed by flow cytometry and histological examination.
Results:
Peripheral blood cell profiles showed no significant differences between FLASH-RT and CONV-RT except for transient thrombocytopenia at day 7 after 5 Gy TBI and day 14 after 3 Gy TBI, which was more pronounced with FLASH-RT. Diff-Quik staining of BM revealed that FLASH-RT induced a greater initial depletion of myeloblasts on days 1–4 than CONV-RT, but both groups showed comparable recovery by day 28. In the spleen, both modalities caused atrophy and white pulp depletion up to day 7, followed by progressive regeneration. Notably, the white pulp area and T-cell populations (CD3⁺CD4⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺) recovered significantly faster in the FLASH-RT group at day 14 (3 Gy) and day 28 (5 Gy) compared with CONV-RT. Thymic architecture showed similar patterns of damage and recovery between groups.
Conclusion:
FLASH-RT and CONV-RT induced comparable acute hematopoietic suppression following TBI; however, FLASH-RT promoted a more rapid recovery of T-lymphocytes in the spleen during the subacute phase. These findings suggest that FLASH-RT may mitigate prolonged T-lymphopenia and potentially preserve immune competence after irradiation, highlighting its therapeutic potential in reducing immune-related toxicities during radiotherapy.