While prior research has primarily emphasized individual motivations for pro-environmental behavior, sustainable fashion consumption cannot be fully explained by environmental beliefs alone. Given the high visibility and identity relevance of fashion,...
While prior research has primarily emphasized individual motivations for pro-environmental behavior, sustainable fashion consumption cannot be fully explained by environmental beliefs alone. Given the high visibility and identity relevance of fashion, sustainable behavior may function as a social signal shaped by comparisons with others. Building on this perspective, the present research investigates how upward and downward comparisons in pro-environmental behavior (PEB)—perceiving others as more or less eco-friendly than oneself—influence consumers’ sustainable fashion consumption (SFC) intentions, and how these effects depend on status cues in the environment.
Drawing on Social Comparison Theory and Optimal Distinctiveness Theory, this research proposes that PEB comparisons activate distinct identity-based motives: upward comparison triggers the need for assimilation (NFA), whereas downward comparison reinforces the need for differentiation (NFD). Two between-subjects experimental studies (N = 274) were conducted to test these effects across different status contexts. Study 1 (N = 147) establishes the main framework by examining the moderating role of the shopping context (luxury vs. fast fashion). Results indicate that in fast fashion contexts, both upward and downward comparisons increase SFC intentions. However, in luxury contexts, where consumers’ status needs are already satisfied and the need for differentiation is dominant, the effect of upward comparison is attenuated, leaving downward comparison as the primary driver.
Study 2 (N = 127) focuses on the boundary conditions within the luxury context, focusing on the status of the comparison target. The findings revealed that when the comparison target is a high-status figure (e.g., a VIP customer), the previously weakened effect of upward PEB comparison reemerges. In this high-status condition, the aspiration to assimilate with an elite group reactivates the motivational impact of upward comparison, even in luxury settings.
These findings highlight SFC as socially embedded, identity-driven behavior. By identifying the shifting roles of assimilation and differentiation motives across different retail environments, this research offers actionable insights into how sustainability messages can be more effectively tailored to specific consumer segments and brand positionings.