This study examines the demographic consequences of the 2017 shipbuilding industry restructuring in Geoje, South Korea—one of the country's most industrially specialized municipalities. Using the synthetic control method, this paper constructs a cou...
This study examines the demographic consequences of the 2017 shipbuilding industry restructuring in Geoje, South Korea—one of the country's most industrially specialized municipalities. Using the synthetic control method, this paper constructs a counterfactual Geoje that closely replicates its pre-treatment fertility trajectory and show that the total fertility rate (TFR) in Geoje declined sharply and persistently beginning in 2018, consistent with the expected lag between fertility decisions and observed births. The crude birth rate (CBR) exhibits an even larger decline and poorer pre-treatment fit, suggesting that part of the overall fertility drop is attributable to compositional change, particularly the out-migration of reproductive-age adults. A series of robustness checks including placebo tests, donor pool restrictions, alternative predictor specifications, and two-way fixed effects difference-in-differences models confirm that the post-treatment decline is both statistically significant and unusually large relative to untreated municipalities. To shed light on the underlying mechanisms, this paper analyzes age-specific migration flows and reasons for residential mobility, which reveal substantial net out-migration of young adults driven primarily by employment losses. Complementary synthetic control estimates for marriage and divorce rates indicate weakened family formation and heightened marital instability following the labor market shock. Taken together, the evidence shows that Geoje’s fertility collapse reflects both selective migration and behavioral responses to local economic distress. The findings highlight how regionally concentrated labor market shocks can trigger sustained demographic decline in industrially specialized local economies.