This paper examines whether the COVID-19 pandemic caused a structural change, in corporate dividend adjustment behavior focusing on dividend persistence (speed of adjustment, dividend smoothing behavior) and earning responsiveness. Based on Lintner’...
This paper examines whether the COVID-19 pandemic caused a structural change, in corporate dividend adjustment behavior focusing on dividend persistence (speed of adjustment, dividend smoothing behavior) and earning responsiveness. Based on Lintner’s(1956) partial adjustment model, which assumes symmetric dividend persistence behavior during normal conditions, this study focuses on extreme, worldwide uncertainty shock altering the decision of dividend policy.
This paper uses U.S publicly listed firms in the consumer discretionary industry from 2017-2024, and will compare three regimes pre-COVID (2017-2019), COVID(2020-2021), and recovery(2022-2024) using Linter model partial dividend adjustment model indicators(dividend persistence, earning responsiveness).
The results reveal three key findings.
First, the evidence will indicate a significant rise in dividend persistence and decrease in earning responsiveness during Covid period.
Second, adjustment dynamics will become asymmetric during Covid period. Firms will cut dividends more rapidly during earning declines, while dividend increases will be more cautious during earning increases, aligning with the study that many firms avoided increasing dividends during 1980–1985, showing caution in committing to higher payouts.(DeAngelo and DeAngelo, 1990)1
Third, financial constraints will act as a critical rule of shaping dividend adjustment behavior. Using Whited-Wu index, constrained firms will display stronger dividend persistence consistent with involuntary stickiness, whereas unconstrained firms will use dividend policy as a managerial discretionary choice, decreasing dividend persistence during Covid-19 and increasing persistence during recovery period, consistent with dividend acting as a voluntary signaling role of informational and commitment advice(Miler, Merton et al, 1985)2.
Additional analysis will show that dividend cuts trigger significantly negative abnormal returns while the dividend increase generates limited positive reactions. Also, the dividend cut amount will have insignificant impact on abnormal returns, consistent with asymmetric information content in dividend policy(KOCH, Adam et al, 2004)3.
Placebo tests using pre-COVID pseudo-shocks yield no comparable breaks, supporting a pandemic-specific shift in the dividend adjustment rule from primarily discretionary toward a constraint-driven equilibrium.