Part 1: Discovery and biological evaluation of a novel template, N3-1′ homologated 4′-truncated thiosugar-substituted xanthine as an A3AR antagonist
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are G protein-coupled receptors involved in diverse physiological and pa...
Part 1: Discovery and biological evaluation of a novel template, N3-1′ homologated 4′-truncated thiosugar-substituted xanthine as an A3AR antagonist
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are G protein-coupled receptors involved in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Among them, the A3 subtype (A3AR) has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target due to its low basal expression and strong upregulation in inflamed or tumor tissues. In this study, an A1AR–derived xanthine scaffold was repurposed toward A3AR antagonism by introducing a 1′–homologated, 4′–truncated thiosugar at the N3 position, which afforded the first xanthine-based analog demonstrating measurable affinity toward adenosine receptors. Structure–activity relationship studies further revealed that C8 substitution is the primary determinant of subtype selectivity, while N1 substituents cooperatively modulate receptor preference.
The optimized analogue 5p exhibited potent and selective A3AR binding (Kᵢ = 6.8 nM) with clear functional antagonism, and showed a markedly improved A1/A3 selectivity index of 72, compared with 4.5 for the known xanthine-based A3AR antagonist I-ABOPX (Kᵢ for A3AR = 15 nM). These results demonstrate that thiosugar homologation effectively redirects xanthine scaffolds toward selective A3AR antagonists and identify 5p as a promising lead compound.
To elucidate the predicted binding mode of compound 5p, molecular docking studies were performed using the recently reported A3AR antagonist–bound crystal structure (LUF7602, PDB 9EHS). Glide docking indicated that 5p adopts a binding pose highly similar to that of LUF7602 within the orthosteric pocket, sharing key interactions including π–π stacking with Phe168 and hydrogen bonding with Asn250.
Notably, the thiosugar moiety of 5p formed an additional hydrogen bond with Tyr15, which is expected to further enhance binding stability.
Collectively, these findings highlight N3 thiosugar homologation and C8/N1 diversification as effective strategies to reprogram xanthine scaffolds toward A3AR antagonism and establish 5p as a compelling lead for future therapeutic development.
Part 2: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of C2–(N–Substituted Amino) Truncated 4′–Thioadenosine Derivatives as A2AAR and A3AR Dual Ligands
Dual modulation of adenosine A2A and A3 receptors (ARs) has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in conditions driven by receptor interplay. Although C2 NH–linkers are known in nucleoside-based A2A agonists, their integration with a truncated thiosugar scaffold is unprecedented and offers structural novelty. The cross–reactivity of the A2A agonist CGS21680 at A3AR further motivated a structural assessment of dual binding. Docking analyses revealed that CGS21680 retains conserved purine interactions in both receptors, while its C2–NH linker adopts receptor-specific orientations reflecting distinct pocket geometries. These insights suggested that flexible C2 NH–linker substituents could simultaneously access divergent subpockets, with substituent size and spatial orientation shaping dual selectivity.
Guided by this hypothesis, a panel of C2-modified truncated 4′–thioadenosines was synthesized. Structure–activity relationship studies showed that aryl amine analogues exhibited measurable affinity for both A2A and A3 ARs, whereas aliphatic analogues were inactive. Within the aryl series, ortho substitution consistently enhanced binding affinity relative to meta or para substitution. Among these, compound 4q (ortho–morpholinophenyl) demonstrated high dual affinity (hA2AAR Kᵢ = 15.0 ± 1.2 nM; hA3AR Kᵢ = 4.5 ± 0.5 nM). Computational modeling supported orthosteric binding at both receptors, while cAMP assays revealed functional inverse agonism at hA2AAR (−19%) and antagonism at hA3AR (69% inhibition of the NECA response).
Collectively, these findings demonstrate that C2–NH–R substitution on a truncated 4′–thioadenosine scaffold provides a compact and versatile platform for dual A2A/A3AR engagement, and highlight 4q as a promising dual ligand with potential to guide future adenosine receptor ligand development.