Ion Concentration Polarization (ICP) serves as a fundamental mechanism in nanoelectrokinetics. The high electric field gradient near the ion-depletion zone across a nanojunction serves as a powerful driving force for ion transport and other charged sp...
Ion Concentration Polarization (ICP) serves as a fundamental mechanism in nanoelectrokinetics. The high electric field gradient near the ion-depletion zone across a nanojunction serves as a powerful driving force for ion transport and other charged species. In microfluidic systems with low Reynolds numbers and laminar flow, this phenomenon serves as a dominant electrokinetic force. Leveraging these capabilities, extensive research has been conducted in various applications, including seawater desalination, water treatment, high sensitivity biosensing and diagnostics, sample separation and purification, and, recently, ion transistors.
Despite these advancements, however, significant hurdles remain for the commercialization of this technology. Primarily, the inherent nature of microfluidic systems imposes limitations on throughput, and scaling up these systems presents substantial technical challenges. Furthermore, increasing the applied voltage to enhance processing speed induces stronger electric field gradients, which generate severe vortices, leading to instability in the preconcentration process. Additionally, since enrichment behaviors vary depending on the target analytes and optimal conditions differ for each case, the operation of these systems has traditionally relied on the empirical judgment of skilled researchers. These limitations have hindered the development of user-friendly devices and raised the barrier to entry for commercial deployment.
In this thesis, two major studies were conducted to overcome the limitations of ICP-based platforms. First, a real-time feedback control system was introduced to precisely manipulate the preconcentration phenomenon in ICP in accordance with the user's intention. The proposed system achieves stable control using only the basic ICP setup—fluorescence microscopy for monitoring and a voltage source for regulation—without requiring additional hardware. Second, a label-free detection technology for target nucleic acids was developed by integrating a multi-channel ICP platform with the CRISPR/Cas system. This diagnostic platform integrates the sensitivity enhancement of ICP preconcentration with the high specificity of the dCas9 molecule, while maximizing analytical efficiency through a multi-channel architecture.
Based on this research, ICP-based platforms in nanoelectrokinetics are expected to extend beyond the academic realm and make significant contributions to industrial applications and commercialization.