Solar fuel production aspires to harness sunlight for the direct synthesis of energy-dense, value-added molecules such as hydrogen, ammonia, and upgraded organics. In the power-to-X field, photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photochemical (PC) systems have...
Solar fuel production aspires to harness sunlight for the direct synthesis of energy-dense, value-added molecules such as hydrogen, ammonia, and upgraded organics. In the power-to-X field, photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photochemical (PC) systems have garnered particular interest because they can integrate semiconductor light absorbers and catalysts within a single device, thereby coupling photon harvesting, charge separation, and interfacial redox chemistry on one platform. Yet, translating this promise into practical performance demands the concurrent optimization of light absorption, photovoltage generation, charge-transport pathways, and interfacial reaction kinetics. This dissertation accordingly designs solar fuel conversion devices for water splitting and biomass valorization, and systematically interrogates their performance.
Chapter 2 investigates a Ta3N5–Si dual-absorber architecture designed to increase photovoltage and improve charge-transport pathways for water oxidation. Ta3N5 is selected as a visible-light-absorbing photoanode with favorable band positions, while crystalline Si serves as a complementary narrow-bandgap absorber. An interfaced-engineered Ta3N5–Si junction is constructed using an NbNx layer as an electron mediator to establish a Z-scheme charge-transport pathway, effectively increasing the usable photovoltage for water oxidation. This architecture reduces the onset potential for oxygen evolution by incrementally boosting the photovoltage contributed by tandem structure. In parallel, a nitrogen-doped CoFeOx co-catalyst is introduced to accelerate interfacial hole transfer and surface reaction kinetics. The combined strategies of junction engineering and surface catalysis lower the photocurrent onset potential from 0.69 to 0.27 VRHE, a 420 mV reduction. This chapter establishes design principles for leveraging metal nitride absorbers in Z-scheme PEC devices through coordinated control of band alignment, mediator layers, and oxygen evolution co-catalysts.
Chapter 3 focuses on overcoming a key bottleneck in Ta3N5 photoanodes: the difficulty of achieving both high optical transparency and efficient carrier extraction under the harsh ammonolysis conditions required to crystallize Ta3N5. To address this, two-dimensional MXene-derived TiN (Ti3C2Tx-TiN) thin films with a (111)-preferred orientation are developed as transparent, conductive bottom electrodes that survive high-temperature nitridation. When used beneath Ta3N5, these Ti3C2Tx-TiN layers act as efficient electron collectors while maintaining sufficient transmittance for tandem integration. Furthermore, by integrating the Ti3C2Tx-TiN with n-GaN, integration with n-GaN yields a heterostructured electron collector that enhances charge separation without sacrificing optical throughput. Photoelectron spectroscopy and time-resolved carrier studies reveal favorable band alignment and accelerated electron extraction across the nitride interfaces. As a result, the all-nitride Ta3N5/Ti3C2Tx-TiN/n-GaN photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 9.2 mA cm−2 for water oxidation at 1.23 VRHE. When this transparent photoanode is integrated into a triple tandem PEC device with bandgap-optimized perovskite/Si photovoltaics, the system delivers bias-free solar water splitting with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 13.2%, corresponding to approximately 83% of the theoretical limit of Ta3N5. This chapter demonstrates how transparent nitride photoanodes and all-nitride interface engineering can unlock high-efficiency, bias-free PEC operation.
Chapter 4 extends the concepts of dual-absorber integration and interface control to a monolithic artificial leaf that simultaneously produces hydrogen and upgraded organics. A monolithic photochemical diode is designed that integrates a tunnel-oxide passivating contact Si bottom absorber with a defect-engineered BiVO4 top absorber. The tandem structure combines micro-pyramidal textured Si with a conformal nanoporous BiVO4 layer, creating a hierarchical optical architecture that extends light harvesting across the solar spectrum while maintaining sufficient photovoltage for coupled redox reactions. A key strategy is the formation of a thin, amorphous BiVO4 shell enriched in oxygen vacancies via mild surface reduction. This defective shell improves hole transport and surface catalysis for selective glycerol oxidation, enabling bias-free operation without additional co-catalysts. As a standalone, wireless monolithic leaf operating in a single electrolyte, the device simultaneously drives hydrogen evolution and glycerol oxidation under sunlight, achieving H2 and C3 product generation rates of 395.9 and 91.68 mmol m−2 h−1, respectively. The system maintains long-term operation, illustrating how defect and interface engineering at the oxide surface can couple hydrogen production with glycerol oxidation in a practical artificial leaf architecture.
Overall, the results presented in this dissertation demonstrate that co-design of absorbers, interfaces, and catalytic layers is crucial for advancing PEC and PC systems beyond incremental performance gains. Across Ta3N5-based Z-schematic photoanodes, transparent Ta3N5 photoanodes, and BiVO4/Si monolithic leaves for photosynthesis, a consistent strategy emerges: maximizing photovoltage, minimizing carrier losses through selective contacts and defect control, and reducing overpotentials with tailored interfacial chemistry. These findings provide a unified framework for designing photoelectrocatalytic platforms that not only produce green hydrogen but also enable solar-driven upgrading of molecular substrates, contributing to the broader development of circular, solar-powered energy and chemical systems.