This study aims to empirically examine how digital platform-based status and platform type(B2C vs. B2B) affected the post-COVID-19 financial performance of Korean startups under the extraordinary macroeconomic conditions induced by the COVID-19 econom...
This study aims to empirically examine how digital platform-based status and platform type(B2C vs. B2B) affected the post-COVID-19 financial performance of Korean startups under the extraordinary macroeconomic conditions induced by the COVID-19 economic shock. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated non-face-to-face transactions and digital transformation, fostering the expansion of the platform economy and raising expectations that platform-based firms might gain a relative advantage in terms of financial performance during the crisis.
To address this issue, this study analyzes financial data from 1,069 startups obtained from the Korean startup database 「InnoForest」 for the period from 2019 to 2022. Moving beyond simple group mean comparisons, the core focus of the analysis is to test the year-specific conditional effects of digital platform-based status and platform type(B2C/B2B) on post-COVID-19 financial performance while controlling for pre-COVID-19(2019) financial performance and firm characteristics. The study employs descriptive statistical analysis and multiple linear regression models, using annual post-COVID-19 financial outcomes(2020, 2021, and 2022) as dependent variables. Financial performance is measured by sales(log-transformed), operating profit margin, and return on equity(ROE), while total assets, debt ratio, firm age, investment stage, and industry classification are included as control variables.
Three research hypotheses are proposed. First, startups with different digital platform-based status exhibit significant differences in financial performance after COVID-19. Second, B2C platform startups and B2B platform startups differ significantly in post-COVID-19 financial performance. Third, pre-COVID-19(2019) capital size moderates the effect of platform-based status on post-COVID-19 financial performance.
The empirical findings can be summarized as follows. First, digital platform-based startups show a consistently positive and statistically significant effect on sales(log) across all post-COVID-19 years. In contrast, mixed results are observed for profitability indicators. Platform-based startups outperform non-platform startups in operating profit margins throughout the post-COVID-19 period, whereas no statistically significant differences are found in ROE for any year. These results suggest that while platform-based status contributed to revenue growth and operating performance during the COVID-19 shock, it did not automatically translate into short-term improvements in capital efficiency.
Second, analysis by platform type reveals that B2C platform startups achieved significantly higher sales than B2B platform startups in all post-COVID-19 years. However, profitability outcomes differ by indicator and period. B2C platform startups show a relative advantage in operating profit margins in 2020 and 2021, while they exhibit significantly lower ROE than B2B platform startups in 2021 and 2022. This pattern suggests that aggressive pre-investment and capital accumulation aimed at expanding consumer bases may have imposed short-term burdens on capital efficiency for B2C platform startups.
Third, when pre-COVID-19(2019) capital size is introduced as a moderating variable, the interaction effects between platform-based status and capital size are not statistically significant across all financial performance measures. This indicates that pre-crisis capital size did not systematically amplify platform effects in the post-COVID-19 period, implying that startup performance during the COVID-19 shock was shaped more directly by business structure and strategic choices than by pre-existing capital scale.
Overall, the findings indicate that during the COVID-19 economic shock, startups with a digital platform-based status demonstrated structural advantages in revenue growth and operating performance, while performance outcomes diverged in terms of capital efficiency. Moreover, the heterogeneous results across platform types highlight that even under a shared platform structure, differences in customer base and revenue models can lead to distinct performance trajectories. By examining startup financial performance across multiple years and performance dimensions in the context of the COVID-19 shock, this study extends the existing literature on platform-based firms. Nevertheless, given the limited time horizon and variable scope, future research should employ longer-term panel data and incorporate additional determinants of startup performance for a more comprehensive analysis.