Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) offer exceptionally high energy density but are hindered by unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, non-uniform lithium (Li)
deposition, and large volumetric fluctuations. Although three dimensional (3D) hos...
Lithium metal anodes (LMAs) offer exceptionally high energy density but are hindered by unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, non-uniform lithium (Li)
deposition, and large volumetric fluctuations. Although three dimensional (3D) hosts have been widely developed to alleviate these limitations, the SEI layer generally forms as a single layer, which is easily destabilized during repeated cycling. To address this, double layer strategies that introduce alloy formation and an artificial SEI have been
proposed, often incorporating inorganic species such as LiF and Li2S for their high ion conductivity. However, their low electronic conductivity still leads to issues such as high interfacial resistance. These limitations indicate the need for an additional layer that can play a complementary role by enhancing electronic conductivity. Herein, we
developed a synergistic triple layer generated on nickel (Ni) foam (STLG@NF) through an in situ electrochemical reaction. During initial cycling, Ni3S2 undergoes
conversion to generate a Li2S-rich bottom layer with high ionic conductivity that promotes rapid and uniform Li+ transport. The middle carbon layer provides high
electronic conductivity and mechanical reinforcement, enabling more homogeneous electron distribution and accommodating repeated volume changes. On the surface, a well regulated outer SEI layer forms, acting as a chemical barrier against continuous electrolyte decomposition and regulating Li+ flux through more uniform and stable
ion transport. The synergistic coupling of these three layers stabilizes interfacial reactions, suppresses Li dendrite growth, and maintains structural integrity throughout
cycling. As a result, the Li-STLG@NF anode delivers long-term stability in symmetric cells for over 3000 h with a low overpotential of 11 mV and maintains more than 80%
capacity after 500 cycles in LiFePO4 (LFP) full cells. These tests demonstrated the anode’s practicality and reliability.