Uranium (U) plays a pivotal role in advanced fission and fusion applications, serving as a core fuel material in next-generation sodium fast reactors (SFRs) and getter materials in fusion systems such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Re...
Uranium (U) plays a pivotal role in advanced fission and fusion applications, serving as a core fuel material in next-generation sodium fast reactors (SFRs) and getter materials in fusion systems such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Across these diverse applications, a comprehensive understanding of the structural and thermodynamic properties of U is indispensable for ensuring safety requirements and enabling reliable, accurate performance predictions. Specifically, temperature-dependent phase stability in metallic U fuel and its implications for fuel performance and safety require fundamental insights into SFR design, while helium retention and release kinetics within α-U are of significant importance for ITER tritium SDS.
This thesis presents an integrated computational framework employing density functional theory (DFT) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) to address key scientific and engineering challenges regarding the application of metallic U in both SFRs and ITER tritium SDS.
In Chapters 2 and 3, machine learning moment tensor potentials (MTPs) for elemental U were developed with emphasis on identifying and incorporating physical factors necessary for improved description of relative phase stability among various phases of U under SFR-relevant temperature and pressure conditions.
In Chapter 2, an MTP encompassing α-, β-, γ-, and liquid U (l-U) and accounting for the vibrational contribution to the free energy was developed (MTPmain). The effects of various physical factors, including spin-magnetic, electronic temperature (ET), and relativistic effects on the free energy were systematically investigated via DFT calculations. Results demonstrated that explicit inclusion of both vibrational and ET contributions is required for reliable prediction of phase stability among α-, β-, γ-, and l-U.
In Chapter 3, an auxiliary MTP exclusively accounting for ET effects was developed (MTPET). By hybridizing this auxiliary potential with MTPmain, we successfully reproduced the ET effects on free energy and phase stability, thereby yielding an improved thermodynamic description of U phases relevant to SFR conditions with reduced training cost compared to previous ET-incorporating MTPs.
In Chapters 4 and 5, we elucidated the diffusion mechanism and determined diffusion coefficients and kinetic parameters of helium in α-U, which are essential for predicting the deterioration of tritium storage and delivery performance due to residual helium accumulation, as well as assessing pressure transients in the confinement system of ITER tritium SDS resulting from helium release.
In Chapter 4, we investigated the diffusion behavior of interstitial helium in α-U, since it is the main diffusion mechanism of helium in α-U, and quantified the impacts of quantum effects, crystallographic anisotropy, and isotope effects on diffusion kinetics through DFT calculations. Quantum effects suppressed the mobility of helium at low temperatures, with diffusion rates showing pronounced anisotropic behavior across different crystallographic directions. Regarding isotope effects, helium-3 exhibited higher diffusivity compared to helium-4, with the diffusivity ratio approaching the classical limit as temperature increases. The diffusion coefficients were obtained as D=(9.67×10^(-4))×exp(-0.202 eV/(k_B T))cm^2/s for helium-3 and =(8.48×10^(-4))×exp(-0.201 eV/(k_B T))cm^2/s for helium-4 over a temperature range from 200 K to 900 K.
In Chapter 5, an auxiliary MTP describing U-He and He-He interactions (MTPU-He) was constructed to achieve two objectives: (i) to provide more realistic descriptions of helium diffusion mechanisms and diffusion coefficients by incorporating anharmonic effects on the jump attempt frequency and vacancy-aided processes that are beyond the scope of the DFT study presented in Chapter 4, and (ii) to demonstrate the applicability of the hybridization approach employing MTPmain as a baseline potential for extended MD investigations of U-containing systems. The hybridized MTP predictions for interstitial helium diffusion agreed with DFT within 10–20 % at high temperatures but overestimated by ~3 times at low temperatures, while accurately reproducing the diffusion anisotropy. Vacancy-aided U self-diffusivity was approximately 10 % of interstitial helium diffusivity, exhibiting pronounced anisotropy. Notably, helium-vacancy interactions resulted in immediate immobilization of both species, with Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) calculations revealing activation barriers exceeding 2 eV, a finding consistent with experimental observations that helium is not readily released once trapped by vacancies.
Overall, this work delivers critical thermophysical parameters for various metallic U phases and helium diffusion in α-U, which are necessary for advanced reactor design and tritium handling. Moreover, it demonstrates the high versatility and transferability of MTPmain as a reliable baseline potential, capable of being systematically adapted and extended through auxiliary potential hybridization to address a wide range of scientific and engineering challenges concerning metallic U phases under the SFR-relevant temperature and pressure regimes. The auxiliary potential method proves particularly effective, enabling efficient incorporation of specific physical phenomena, such as ET effects and U-He and He-He interactions, without requiring complete potential retraining, thereby reducing computational cost while maintaining thermodynamic accuracy. This modular and scalable framework establishes a robust foundation for multiscale simulations of U-based systems and facilitates future investigations into (i) metallic U fuel behavior in SFRs through improved understanding of phase stability, thermophysical properties, and defect-assisted diffusion mechanisms essential for predicting fuel swelling and chemical interactions with cladding, and (ii) helium retention and release kinetics in α-U for ITER tritium SDS performance assessment, as well as helium-induced swelling in SFR fuels from (n, α) reactions, thereby providing critical atomistic-level parameters necessary for engineering-scale modeling of advanced reactor systems.