This study investigates the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics that arise when Variable Rotor Speed (VRS) control is applied to a coaxial counter-rotating rotor system, with the aim of establishing design and operational strategies for quiet...
This study investigates the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics that arise when Variable Rotor Speed (VRS) control is applied to a coaxial counter-rotating rotor system, with the aim of establishing design and operational strategies for quiet and efficient rotorcraft. The investigation is conducted along two interconnected dimensions. The first examines how the dominant noise-reduction mechanisms induced by VRS differ fundamentally between low- and high-speed forward flight. Building on the physical insight gained from this analysis, the second dimension evaluates how key configuration and control parameters—namely lift offset (LOS), inter-rotor spacing (IRS), and rotor phase offset—interact with VRS to shape overall aerodynamic performance and acoustic behavior.
A mid-fidelity computational framework integrating a free-wake vortex lattice method (VLM) with the impermeable Ffowcs–Williams–Hawkings (FW–H) acoustic analogy is employed. The solver is validated against XH-59A flight-test data, enabling quantitative prediction of wake geometry, unsteady blade loading, and blade–wake interactions across a range of forward-flight conditions.
The analysis of VRS as a function of forward speed demonstrates that reducing rotor speed yields up to approximately 12% power savings, primarily due to the reduction in profile power. However, excessive speed reduction leads to aerodynamic stall associated with increased collective pitch, thereby limiting additional benefit. Acoustically, the governing mechanisms differ by flight regime: at low speeds, noise mitigation arises from weakened wake–blade interactions, whereas at high speeds it is attributed to the alleviation of loading fluctuations associated with blade crossover interactions. This constitutes a new physical observation for coaxial rotors and provides a refined perspective on the role of VRS in noise control.
To extend this understanding, the study further examines how VRS interacts with LOS, IRS, and phase offset. The results show that the optimal LOS varies with advance ratio, and that coordination with VRS can maximize aerodynamic and acoustic benefits. Increasing IRS consistently reduces inter-rotor wake interference, thereby enhancing both efficiency and noise reduction. Although rotor phase offset has a limited influence on aerodynamic performance, its combination with VRS in low-speed regimes yields a synergistic reduction in radiated noise—up to 6.7 dB—highlighting the critical role of blade–wake spatial alignment.
Overall, this dissertation establishes that the mechanisms through which VRS reduces noise in coaxial rotors differ fundamentally with flight speed, and it identifies how coordinated adjustment of configuration parameters can leverage these mechanisms to achieve low-noise, high-efficiency operation. The findings provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the development of next-generation rotorcraft, including high-speed helicopters, UAVs, and emerging UAM platforms.