Background
Percutaneous epidural neuroplasty (PEN) is a minimally invasive intervention for patients with lumbar radicular pain who do not respond adequately to conservative treatment and wish to avoid or defer surgery. The retrodiscal transforaminal ...
Background
Percutaneous epidural neuroplasty (PEN) is a minimally invasive intervention for patients with lumbar radicular pain who do not respond adequately to conservative treatment and wish to avoid or defer surgery. The retrodiscal transforaminal approach provides direct access to the ventral epidural space but carries an inherent risk of inadvertent intradiscal injection due to its proximity to the intervertebral disc. The Whip Catheter® system, used with a blunt-tip side-hole needle, was developed to enhance procedural safety while maintaining targeted adhesiolysis. Although clinical effectiveness of retrodiscal approach PEN (RD-PEN) has been reported, factors associated with treatment response remain insufficiently defined.
Methods
This retrospective single-center study reviewed patients who underwent RD-PEN using the Whip Catheter® between January 2022 and June 2025. Patients aged 20–80 years with lumbar radiculopathy and available 3-month follow-up data were included. Treatment response was defined by a clinically meaningful reduction in Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores and/or improvement in walking distance. Multivariate logistic regression analysis with backward elimination was performed to identify independent predictors of treatment response at 3 months, with an additional exploratory analysis at 6 months using the same variables. Inadvertent intradiscal injection cases were separately analyzed descriptively.
Results
Among 139 eligible patients, 44 (44.0%) were classified as responders at 3 months. Multivariate analysis identified left-sided procedure direction (odds ratio [OR], 2.814; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.162–6.811; p = 0.022), history of prior lumbar surgery (OR, 0.285; 95% CI, 0.100–0.812; p = 0.019), pain duration <12 months (OR, 4.289; 95% CI, 1.067–17.250; p = 0.040), and moderate-to-severe central spinal stenosis (OR, 0.311; 95% CI, 0.120–0.806; p = 0.016) as independent predictors of treatment response at 3 months. At 6 months, prior lumbar surgery and central stenosis severity remained independently associated with treatment response, while procedure laterality showed a borderline association. Inadvertent intradiscal injection occurred in 4 of 165 procedures (2.4%), with no major complications observed.
Conclusion
RD-PEN using the Whip Catheter® is a safe and effective treatment option for selected patients with lumbar radicular pain. Treatment response appears to be influenced by both procedural and patient-related factors, particularly procedure direction, prior lumbar surgery, and central spinal stenosis severity. The low rate of intradiscal injection supports the safety profile of the blunt-tip side-hole needle design. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and refine patient selection criteria.