Background
Depression and suicide are major public health concerns, particularly among individuals exposed to metabolic, behavioral, and socioeconomic stressors. Emerging evidence suggests that mental health outcomes are not solely determined by psych...
Background
Depression and suicide are major public health concerns, particularly among individuals exposed to metabolic, behavioral, and socioeconomic stressors. Emerging evidence suggests that mental health outcomes are not solely determined by psychiatric factors, but also by unintentional biological changes, intentional lifestyle behaviors, socioeconomic instability, and treatment-related effects. However, few large-scale studies have comprehensively examined how these diverse determinants jointly influence depression and suicide risk, especially within clinically vulnerable populations such as patients with chronic diseases.
Methods
This dissertation comprises seven population-based retrospective cohort studies using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. The studies independently examined the associations between depression and suicide outcomes and exposures across three major domains:
(1) unintentional biological and surgical changes (cholecystectomy and postoperative metabolic alterations),
(2) intentional behavioral and socioeconomic changes (smoking behavior change, alcohol initiation, physical activity change, and income variability), and
(3) treatment-driven pharmacologic exposures (initiation of sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors).
Time-varying exposure designs, new-user and active-comparator approaches, propensity score matching or weighting, washout periods, and lag-time analyses were applied to enhance temporal validity and reduce reverse causality. Depression and suicide were identified using validated ICD-10–based definitions.
Results
Cholecystectomy was associated with short-term alterations in metabolic indicators and an increased risk of incident depression, particularly during the early postoperative period, with attenuation over longer follow-up.
Among behavioral factors, complete smoking cessation was associated with a reduced risk of suicide, whereas switching to electronic cigarettes or dual use did not confer comparable benefits. Alcohol initiation among previously abstinent individuals was associated with increased risks of depression and suicide. In patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes, increased physical activity after diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of depression, while reduced activity increased risk.
Income variability independently predicted depression risk among patients with newly diagnosed diabetes, regardless of baseline income level or direction of income change, highlighting financial instability as a psychosocial stressor.
Finally, initiation of sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors was associated with a lower risk of depression compared with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, without evidence of increased suicide risk.
Conclusions
Across seven nationwide cohort studies, this dissertation demonstrates that depression and suicide risk are shaped by interconnected biological, behavioral, socioeconomic, and pharmacologic determinants. Unintentional biological disruptions, intentional lifestyle and socioeconomic changes, and treatment-driven effects independently and jointly influence mental health trajectories. These findings underscore the need for integrated mental health screening and prevention strategies within chronic disease management and routine medical care, extending beyond traditional psychiatric frameworks.
Keyword : Depression, Suicide, Cholecystectomy, Health behavior changes, Income variability, Pharmacologic therapy, SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, Smoking cessation, Physical activity, Alcohol initiation, Type 2 diabetes, Population-based cohort.
Student Number : 2022-29839