Introduction: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature, potentially leading to various health problems. In South Korea, people spend over 80% of their daily time indoors, mostly at home. Due to ...
Introduction: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature, potentially leading to various health problems. In South Korea, people spend over 80% of their daily time indoors, mostly at home. Due to various indoor sources such as building materials, furniture, and household products, indoor VOCs concentrations are generally two to five times higher than outdoor levels. This study aimed to identify indoor environmental factors influencing residential VOCs levels, as well as to determine whether residential VOCs concentrations reflect internal exposure by examining the relationship between VOCs levels and urinary VOCs metabolites.
Methods: Data were obtained from the Home Indoor Air Quality and Environmental Hazardous Substances Biomonitoring Survey of the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2020–2021). VOCs concentrations from 1,182 households and urinary VOCs metabolite concentrations from 1,858 individuals were analyzed. The target VOCs included benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and styrene, while the urinary metabolites measured were S-phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA), benzylmercapturic acid (BMA), phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), methylhippuric acids (2MHA and 3,4MHA), and mandelic acid (MA). Using questionnaire data, indoor environmental factors influencing VOCs levels were identified through multivariate linear regression analysis. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationships between residential VOCs concentrations and urinary metabolites.
Result:
Multivariate regression analysis identified indoor CO2, seasons, residence duration, house size, and housing type as factors associated with residential VOCs concentrations. Higher indoor CO2 levels and larger house size were associated with increased VOCs concentrations, whereas longer residence duration was associated with lower levels. Correlation analysis between residential VOCs concentrations and urinary metabolites showed statistically significant but weak correlations for benzene–SPMA (r = –0.11), toluene–BMA (r = –0.07), xylene–2MHA (r = 0.22), and xylene–3,4MHA (r = 0.24).
Conclusion:
Using nationally representative data, residential VOCs concentrations, influencing factors, and associations with urinary metabolites were characterized. These findings provide a scientific basis for improving indoor air quality and reducing residential VOCs exposure.