Small scale rotorcraft development has been driven by the increasing demand for unmanned aerial vehicles and lightweight aircraft. Unlike conventional aircraft, small rotating-wing aircraft generally lack Ice Protection System (IPS), which making accu...
Small scale rotorcraft development has been driven by the increasing demand for unmanned aerial vehicles and lightweight aircraft. Unlike conventional aircraft, small rotating-wing aircraft generally lack Ice Protection System (IPS), which making accurate performance analysis under icing conditions essential for reliable performance assessment and mission success. Furthermore, in rotating propeller systems, icing is accompanied by ice shedding phenomena, in which accumulated ice detaches due to increasing centrifugal forces. Ice shedding may occur repeatedly within a few minutes and can induce discontinuous variations in aerodynamic performance.
In this study, an integrated numerical framework capable of analysis for both ice accretion and ice shedding is developed for a rotating carbon-fiber composite propeller. The framework is constructed based on the ICEPAC coupled with the KFLOW Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) solver, and an ice shedding module based on a maximum stress model is implemented in this framework. While most previous studies have employed ice adhesion models calibrated for metallic surfaces, this study proposes a new maximum adhesion stress model that reflects the surface characteristics of carbon-fiber materials widely used in modern aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicle propellers. Through this approach, the importance of considering blade surface material properties in ice shedding prediction is demonstrated.
Second, a parametric study is then conducted under FAR 25 Appendix C continuous icing conditions to evaluate the effects of ambient temperature, Liquid Water Content (LWC), and Median Volume Diameter (MVD) on ice shedding behavior. The results reveal that, unlike conventional icing characteristics, ice shedding is mainly governed by temperature, highlighting its dominant influence on shedding behavior.
Finally, propeller performance analyses considering both ice accretion and ice shedding are performed. The results show that thrust and propeller efficiency decrease gradually during the ice accretion phase, whereas discontinuous performance recovery occurs followed by ice shedding. As a result, when ice shedding occurs in relatively inboard regions of the blade span, a significant thrust recovery is observed. This finding indicates that conventional performance analyses neglecting ice shedding may underestimate aerodynamic performance under realistic operational conditions.
The integrated numerical framework proposed in this study enables realistic simulation of ice shedding behavior and associated performance variations of carbon-fiber composite propellers. It is expected to serve as a valuable analysis tool for icing safety assessment and design of rotating-wing aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicle systems.