Background
Neonatal jaundice (NJ) is a common condition, yet the contribution of the gut microbiota and microbial β-glucuronidase activity to its pathogenesis remains uncertain. We conducted this study to simultaneously evaluate gut microbial composi...
Background
Neonatal jaundice (NJ) is a common condition, yet the contribution of the gut microbiota and microbial β-glucuronidase activity to its pathogenesis remains uncertain. We conducted this study to simultaneously evaluate gut microbial composition and β-glucuronidase activity between jaundiced and non-jaundiced neonates under controlled conditions.
Methods
From August 2024 to May 2025, we prospectively enrolled neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital. Eligible infants were delivered by cesarean section at 30–40 weeks of gestation. To minimize confounding, only infants born to mothers without peripartum antibiotic exposure or comorbidities were included. In addition, only neonates who were exclusively formula-fed from birth and had not received any postnatal antibiotics were enrolled. Neonates with total bilirubin (TB) ≥ 15 mg/dL were classified as NJ, and those with TB <15 mg/dL as healthy controls (HC). Fecal samples collected at 3–5 days were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Differential abundance was assessed using Analysis of Compositions of Microbiomes with Bias Correction (ANCOM-BC). Multivariable Association with Linear Models 2 (MaAsLin2) was additionally applied with simultaneous adjustment for gestational age, sex, and sampling day. Fecal β-glucuronidase activity and calprotectin were quantified.
Results
A total of 40 neonates were enrolled in the study, including 20 neonates with NJ and 20 HC. In NJ compared with HC, both ANCOM-BC and MaAsLin2 identified enrichment of Bacteroides caecimuris, indicating a compositional difference between the groups. Fecal β-glucuronidase activity was significantly higher in the NJ group compared with HC (3.67 vs. 2.95 U/mg, p = 0.039). Across all groups, fecal calprotectin did not differ significantly.
Conclusion
This study provides an integrative analysis of gut microbial composition and fecal β-glucuronidase activity in NJ. The NJ group exhibited increased abundance of Bacteroides caecimuris and higher fecal β-glucuronidase activity. Integrative analyses incorporating both taxonomic and functional dimensions are essential for elucidating the pathogenesis of NJ.