Carbon–oxygen (C–O) bond-forming reactions are of sustained interest in chemical synthesis, as oxygen functionalities are ubiquitous in a myriad of bioactive leads, preclinical candidates, and functional materials. Over the past century, a number ...
Carbon–oxygen (C–O) bond-forming reactions are of sustained interest in chemical synthesis, as oxygen functionalities are ubiquitous in a myriad of bioactive leads, preclinical candidates, and functional materials. Over the past century, a number of strategies for constructing both C(sp²)–O bonds and C(sp³)–O bonds have advanced based on transition metal catalysis, often in conjunction with photoredox catalysis. While innovative, these transition-metal-based systems often derail, especially when employing bulky substrates due to facile β-hydride elimination and steric hindrance at the metal center. One emerging solution to these challenges is radical–polar crossover (RPC), but the success of RPC chemistry relies heavily on the precise redox potential matching between the reaction components. This mechanistic necessity significantly limits the applicable range of substrates, and therefore C(sp³)–O cross-coupling, particularly the synthesis of hindered aryl alkyl ethers, has remained elusive so far.
This thesis presents the research efforts focused on developing a new catalytic platform that addresses the aforementioned issues and enables broadly applicable RPC C(sp³)–O coupling with phenols as nucleophiles. In this regard, Chapter 1 summarizes the historical and contemporary developments in C–O bond-forming reactions and provides an overview of their conceptual and mechanistic evolution. In Chapter 2, a dual organosulfur/photoredox catalytic method for coupling alkyl radical precursors with phenols is described. While phenols remain challenging to engage in RPC chemistry due to their redox non-innocence and low nucleophilicity, the incorporation of an organosulfur catalyst is found to suppress phenol oxidation, capture carbon-centered radicals, and thereby enable direct C(sp³)–O bond formation over competing elimination pathways. Finally, in Chapter 3, the remaining challenges of this newly developed dual catalytic system are briefly discussed, and the future outlook is provided with an eye toward further developments.