This study analyzes the agenda setting and policy formulation stages of the May 31 Education Reform. It focuses on how the decision-making processes of key state actors―the Education Reform Committee, the Presidential Secretary for Education, and th...
This study analyzes the agenda setting and policy formulation stages of the May 31 Education Reform. It focuses on how the decision-making processes of key state actors―the Education Reform Committee, the Presidential Secretary for Education, and the Ministry of Education―shaped the setting of reform agendas and determined whether these agendas were adopted as policy. While existing studies have primarily evaluated the outcomes and impacts of education reform, this research shifts attention to the policy process itself to explain the mechanisms through which most reform agendas were institutionalized as policy, why some failed to do so, and under what national and international conditions these decisions were formed. To address this, the study applies theoretical perspectives at both the national and world system levels and conducts three sub-studies that collectively generate implications for understanding the characteristics of agenda setting and policy formation in education reform.
The first study adopts a national-level conflict paradigm to analyze the actors and conflicts embedded in the processes of education reform. It focuses on the formation of the Presidential Secretary for Education within the Blue House, which was closely linked to the appointment and operation of the Education Reform Committee (ERC). Drawing on the experiences of Ministry of Education bureaucrats seconded to the Secretariat, the study reconstructs the agenda-setting process that led to the first May 31 Reform proposal. This reconstruction is significant because the initial reform proposal constitutes a rare case in which all agendas advanced to policy formation and implementation. The study explains this outcome by examining the organizational governance strategies of the Presidential Secretary for Education that emerged during the agenda setting stage, interpreted through a sociological neo-institutionalism. Based on in-depth interviews with ten participants and thematic analysis, the findings indicate that these actors perceived “building a successful ERC” as their primary task and concentrated their efforts in two areas. First, they sought to differentiate the reform agenda from those of previous governments by excluding actors associated with earlier education reform bodies, thereby elevating education as a salient social issue. Second, they prepared detailed reference materials in advance to facilitate subsequent policy formation. At the organizational level, the Presidential Secretary responded to environmental demands by positioning the ERC―composed primarily of private-sector experts―as the visible agent of reform, thereby adopting a strategy that outwardly appeared to distance the Secretariat from the ERC. Internally, however, it established a loosely coupled inter-organizational structure that connected the ERC and the Ministry of Education through bureaucratic intermediaries, enhancing the feasibility of policy implementation. From a sociological neo-institutionalist perspective, this organizational arrangement can be interpreted as strategic (de)coupling designed to simultaneously satisfy demands for ceremonial legitimacy and practical feasibility.
The second study, grounded in a national-level equilibrium paradigm, explores the mechanisms through which socially driven reform agendas failed to be adopted as policy. Among the few reform agendas that did not reach policy adoption, the study focuses on three cases: the establishment of new universities, the creation of a graduate-level teacher training system, and the construction of an early childhood school system. Although each agenda was introduced in response to external social demands―such as industrial restructuring, the expansion of higher education and liberalization of education services, and paradigm shifts in child-centered policies in advanced countries―all ultimately failed to be adopted. Based on document analysis and expert consultations with three participants involved in the policy process, the study finds that the “new university” proposal was initially institutionalized under the Higher Education Act but was later transformed into an in-company university model under the Lifelong Education Act following bureaucratic review and coordination with industry stakeholders (policy conversion). The graduate-level teacher training agenda, which implied structural changes to teacher education institutions, was transferred to a long-term review category and repeatedly postponed due to opposition from education network actors (policy postponement). The early childhood school agenda faced inter-ministerial and sectoral conflicts from the outset, leading policymakers to avoid the contentious issue of “school” status and instead narrow the policy scope to less controversial measures such as free education for five-year-olds and curriculum standardization (policy reduction). All three cases illustrate instances of nondecision-making in which the bureaucratic organization effectively avoided substantive policy change under pressure from established stakeholders.
The third study focuses on examining the agenda setting influence of extra-national actors from a world system perspective that incorporates both equilibrium and conflict, while also taking national- and regional-level factors into account to analyze the mechanisms driving education reform in a multi-layered manner. It conducts a comparative analysis with Japan, where state-led education reform took place during a similar period. With particular attention to higher education reform agendas discussed from the early stages of the ERC, the study demonstrates that differences in reform agenda content between the two countries arose from differences in their respective policy environments. Using a most similar systems with different outcomes (MSDO) research design and the “glonacal structure and agency” analytical framework, the study selects relevant indicators and analyzes official statistics and documentary sources. The findings show that, at the international level, differences in the two countries’ positions within the world system―as an advanced country and a semi-advanced country at the time―produced divergences in international student recruitment policies and in responses to OECD recommendations. The results indicate that international positional differences―Korea as a semi-peripheral middle power and Japan as a core country―led to divergent responses in international student recruitment and OECD policy recommendations. At the national level, differences in demographic decline shaped the direction of university admissions reform, while differences in the occupational composition of reform committee members influenced the extent to which regulations on faculty hiring were incorporated. At the regional level, the uneven geographical distribution of elite universities shaped differences in requirements for establishing new institutions.
Synthesizing these findings, the study identifies three key characteristics of agenda setting and policy formation in the May 31 Education Reform. First, the Reform took shape amid critiques of a provider-centered policymaking environment, and changes in elite recruitment facilitated the translation of reform agendas into policy with strategic intervention by bureaucrats. This intervention, mediated through the Presidential Secretary for Education, was crucial in connecting agenda setting with subsequent policy formation.
Second, although reform agendas were driven by external socio-economic demands, bureaucratic compliance and the capacity to coordinate interests ultimately determined whether agendas were adopted as policy.
Third, agenda formation was shaped by world system-level influences that cannot be explained solely by domestic factors, with differences in agenda content reflecting states’ structural positions within the global system.
By analyzing the agenda setting and policy formation processes of the May 31 Education Reform within the context of internal state conflicts, this study theoretically elucidates the conditions under which the organizational strategies of the Presidential Secretariat emerged. Furthermore, by examining reform agendas that were not adopted as policy, it moves beyond outcome-based evaluations to highlight the conditions and limits of government policymaking from a process-oriented perspective. The study also demonstrates how international norms and pressures are selectively accepted and adjusted according to a country’s position within the world system. Finally, it contributes to the literature by proposing a new model of education policy decision-making.
Nevertheless, by focusing on internal government decision-making processes, the study was unable to fully capture the influence of informal actors such as the media, civil society, and educational practitioners. In addition, the theoretical framework employed could not adequately address the impact of the “open education movement,” a grassroots initiative that emerged in the late 1980s. These limitations could be addressed in future research.