The declaration of emergency martial law by President Yoon Suk Yeol on December 3, 2024, followed by his impeachment, constituted an unprecedented crisis in South Korea’s constitutional order and stands as one of the most consequential political eve...
The declaration of emergency martial law by President Yoon Suk Yeol on December 3, 2024, followed by his impeachment, constituted an unprecedented crisis in South Korea’s constitutional order and stands as one of the most consequential political events in modern Korean history. Amid this compounded national crisis, the media played a critical role in shaping public opinion through its coverage of the National Assembly and Constitutional Court proceedings. While existing studies have largely focused on media partisanship, an exclusive emphasis on attitudinal bias is insufficient to fully explain the political and social
influence of the media. This study therefore adopts a framing analysis to examine how the media interpreted and constructed the meaning of this crisis. Its primary objective is to analyze the processes of frame formation in major conservative and progressive newspapers during this extraordinary constitutional breakdown.
The analysis examines editorials from five leading national daily newspapers representing conservative and progressive orientations. The study period spans six months, from the declaration of martial law through the impeachment trial and up to the early presidential election, and is divided into three distinct phases. Through a combined inductive and deductive approach, eight mutually exclusive and comprehensive frames were identified: (1) abuse of power, (2) family/close associate corruption, (3) attribution of responsibility, (4) insurrection/martial law/defense of the constitutional order, (5) civic resistance (candlelight protests/resignation demands), (6) political and social confrontation/conflict, (7) political reform/constitutional amendment, and (8) livelihood/economy/national crisis. The key findings are as follows.
First, a comprehensive analysis of media frames surrounding the declaration of martial law and the presidential impeachment reveals that the defense of the constitutional order frame was the most prevalent, followed by the attribution of responsibility, livelihood–economic crisis, and political and social conflict frames. This indicates that the media understood the events not merely as partisan political disputes but as a grave national crisis threatening the constitutional order. In particular, media coverage simultaneously emphasized the identification of responsible actors and the diffusion of political turmoil into broader social conflict and economic instability. Overall, the media constructed a discursive structure in which constitutional crisis, political accountability, social conflict, and economic anxiety intersected to define the situation as a multifaceted national crisis.
Second, a comparison of conservative and progressive media frames demonstrates stark ideological divergence in framing strategies. Conservative newspapers partially accepted justifications for the declaration of martial law and employed multiple frames in parallel—most notably attribution of responsibility, political and social conflict, and constitutional defense. In contrast, progressive newspapers consistently framed the declaration as a violation of constitutional order and democracy, concentrating overwhelmingly on the insurrection–martial law/constitutional defense frame. Whereas previous studies have suggested that conservative media tend to exhibit relatively consistent and clearly defined framing patterns, the present study finds that, under conditions of acute political crisis, conservative outlets did not converge on a single dominant frame but instead strategically deployed multiple frames simultaneously. Progressive media, by contrast, reinforced a singular core frame over time. This asymmetry in framing practices indicates that, even when addressing the same political event, conservative and progressive media constructed distinct discursive configurations through different combinations of frames. While these strategies are fundamentally rooted in partisan orientation, they also demonstrate adaptability to the specific context of political crisis.
Third, an analysis of framing dynamics across the phases of the impeachment process reveals a clear temporal progression. In the initial phase, media coverage focused on defining the situation, centering on debates over the causes and legitimacy of martial law through constitutional defense and responsibility attribution frames. In the middle phase, coverage volume surged as the Constitutional Court hearings unfolded; conservative media peaked in their use of conflict and livelihood–economic frames, while progressive media maintained their emphasis on constitutional defense, intensifying ideological polarization. In the final phase, as discussions shifted toward future-oriented change and institutional restructuring, the political reform frame became most prominent. During this stage, progressive media emphasized structural reform, whereas conservative media highlighted political stabilization and national normalization.
Taken together, these findings demonstrate that, during periods of profound political upheaval, the media functioned not merely as neutral conveyors of information but as active agents in constructing divergent interpretations and discourses. They further show that ideological orientation fundamentally shapes the definition of problems, attribution of responsibility, and moral evaluation of political crises, suggesting that media framing operates as a structural driver of political polarization.
Whereas previous research has largely treated emergency martial law and presidential impeachment as separate phenomena, studies examining both simultaneously remain scarce. By analyzing these events as a sequential and compounded national crisis, this study contributes to the literature by elucidating how media frames construct and reinterpret political discourse in moments of constitutional rupture.