This study aims to explore in-depth how the standards for the use of force recognized by field police officers are perceived and applied in actual field situations. It further investigates how limitations in rule design, organizational environments, a...
This study aims to explore in-depth how the standards for the use of force recognized by field police officers are perceived and applied in actual field situations. It further investigates how limitations in rule design, organizational environments, and responsibility structures influence situational judgment and decision-making regarding the use of force.
To this end, four research questions were established, and in-depth interviews were conducted with police officers from various units—including local police, detectives, mobile patrol units, female/juvenile investigation units, and mobile detective division—within the Chungnam Provincial Police Agency.
Data were analyzed using the qualitative methodology based on Grounded Theory as proposed by Strauss & Corbin. The open coding process yielded 110 concepts and 37 subcategories, followed by axial and selective coding tailored to each research question.
The findings are as follows: First, regarding the perception and judgment of force standards, while officers recognize standards through various channels, they experience ambiguity due to low understanding of the standards and the frequency of sudden, unpredictable incidents despite the overall low frequency of force-required situations.
Second, concerning the gap between formal procedures and field reality, officers faced difficulties in verifying standards and judging situations, leading to a tendency to exercise minimal force. Some relied on superior statutes rather than specific guidelines due to the mismatch between field conditions and current training/standards.
Third, regarding the impact of responsibility on decision-making, higher concerns over disciplinary actions or criminal/civil liability led to more passive and minimal use of force.
Fourth, analysis of implications for standard revisions and training improvements categorized officers into 'Positive Attitude Types' and 'Negative Attitude Types' toward the use-of-force standards.
Synthesizing these results, institutional improvements require: (1) internalizing force standards through enhanced understanding and frequent situational training, (2) providing simplified standards and field-appropriate education, and (3) establishing immunity provisions. Since officers are divided into positive and negative attitude types, it is essential to shift 'Negative Attitude Types' toward 'Positive' ones to ensure the appropriate application of force.
Accordingly, this study suggests: (1) proposing measures for simplifying standards, (2) strengthening scenario-based training for incumbents, (3) implementing force education using Generative AI models and VR equipment, and (4) amending or enacting laws for immunity from criminal and civil liability.
Due to its qualitative nature, this study has limitations in statistically presenting the relative influence of factors or demographic differences. Furthermore, generalization requires caution as the subjects were limited to field officers in a specific region. Nevertheless, this research is significant in empirically identifying the structural causes of why force standards fail in the field and proposing directions for improvement through an in-depth analysis of officers' experiences.
Future research should conduct quantitative studies based on the attitude types identified here to verify influential factors and specify the institutional and organizational conditions that can facilitate positive attitude shifts toward use-of-force standards.