The Toll pathway, along with the Imd pathway, plays a critical role in regulating the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against microbial infections in insects. Tube, a homolog of vertebrate interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4...
The Toll pathway, along with the Imd pathway, plays a critical role in regulating the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against microbial infections in insects. Tube, a homolog of vertebrate interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4), acts as a scaffold between death domains of Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) and Pelle, thereby mediating signal transduction that activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the antimicrobial function of Tube has not yet been studied in Tenebrio molitor. In this study, we identified the T. molitor Tube homolog sequence (TmTube) from an RNA sequencing dataset and investigated its immunological function using RNA interference (RNAi)-based molecular analyses. TmTube was highly expressed in the egg, late larval, and 2-day adult stages. The tissue-specific expression patterns revealed that TmTube was highly expressed in the gut of young larvae and adult females, and in the fat body of adult males and late larvae. In addition, TmTube expression was generally induced in the whole body and Malpighian tubules upon microbial infection and was upregulated at the early stages of E. coli and S. aureus infection in the gut and hemolymph. Accordingly, larval survivability and AMP expression were downregulated following TmTube knockdown against E. coli and S. aureus infection. In particular, TmTube knockdown significantly affected the expression of both Toll- and Imd-dependent AMP genes in the Malpighian tubules. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that TmTube functions beyond the Toll pathway and contributes to antibacterial defense through potential cross-talk with the Imd pathway in the Malpighian tubules.