This study examines the evolution of China’s college entrance examination policy in the PRC era since 1952, analyzing how macro-environmental change, institutional operation, and the adaptations of relevant actors have interacted to shape policy cha...
This study examines the evolution of China’s college entrance examination policy in the PRC era since 1952, analyzing how macro-environmental change, institutional operation, and the adaptations of relevant actors have interacted to shape policy change. As a core state selection institution, the college entrance examination policy has long been intertwined with political, economic, and social transitions, and tensions among fairness, efficiency, and stability have repeatedly surfaced. In this context, the study aims to explain the institutional mechanisms underlying shifts in the policy, clarify the causal chains through which institutional change translates into policy change, and, on this basis, suggest directions for future policy improvement. The research questions focus on what institutional mechanisms drive changes in China’s college entrance examination policy, how policy change is advanced through causal chains and feedback loops, and how future reforms should be configured.
Theoretically, the study adopts a historical new institutionalist perspective, viewing institutions not as a single design outcome but as an assemblage of rules, authority, and policy instruments that has been formed and adjusted over time. The analytical design employs a three-level framework of structure, institutions, and actors. At the structural level, it examines political, economic, and social environments; at the institutional level, it analyzes the logic shaping national educational ideals, decision-making structures, and policy-instrument design; and at the actor level, it investigates the strategic adaptations and interactive feedback of university admissions officers, high-school teachers, parents, and examinees. Methodologically, the study combines policy and historical document analysis with focus group interviews (FGIs), collecting experiential perceptions and interpretations from 54 participants across four groups: university admissions officers, high-school teachers, parents, and examinees. The analysis is organized into three dimensions—recruitment policy, exam content, and selection policy—and, by dividing policy development since 1952 into five stages, derives the mechanisms operating in each stage through cross-period comparative analysis.
The findings can be summarized as a cumulative feedback cycle. Macro-environmental change triggers, at the institutional level, the resetting of rules, the redistribution of authority and responsibility, and the reconfiguration of policy-instrument mixes. Actors’ strategic adaptations generate feedback in the form of controversies, evaluations, and implementation risks, and this feedback in turn leads to readjustments of institutions and policy instruments, reinforcing the cycle. In other words, rather than replacing the core architecture of a nationally unified examination, China’s college entrance policy has evolved over an extended period by incrementally introducing, layering, and rearranging peripheral policy instruments in response to structural pressures and actor responses.
Moreover, this cyclical mechanism has unfolded at different speeds and in different forms across historical periods. When political environments changed abruptly and governance goals and operational boundaries were reset, institutional change tended to manifest as discontinuous shocks and replacement of instrument systems, and feedback was more likely to be blocked or distorted than institutionalized. Conversely, in periods of relatively stable macro-governance, central direction-setting proceeded alongside local pilots, and incremental adjustments were strengthened through evaluation and diffusion. In this process, public scrutiny and implementation risks functioned as key triggers for institutional readjustment.
Based on these results, future reforms should presuppose the stability of the core framework of the nationally unified examination while enhancing the credibility of differentiated pathways to higher education and process-based assessments; reducing the information costs and administrative implementation burdens produced by layered policy instruments; and institutionalizing mechanisms for transparency, oversight, and compensation. Such a design is necessary to build a sustainable balance between demands for fairness and practical implementability.