The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationship among principals’ transformational leadership, teacher agency, school vitality and school organizational effectiveness. To this end, the following specific research questions were ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relationship among principals’ transformational leadership, teacher agency, school vitality and school organizational effectiveness. To this end, the following specific research questions were established:
First, do principals’ transformational leadership, teacher agency, school vitality and school organizational effectiveness differ according to teacher- and school-level variables?
Second, what is the relationship among principals’ transformational leadership, teacher agency, school vitality and school organizational effectiveness?
Third, what is the goodness-of-fit of the structural equation model that examines the impact of the principals’ transformational leadership on school organizational effectiveness through teacher agency and school vitality?
Fourth, what are the mediating effects of teacher agency and school vitality in the relationship between principals’ transformational leadership and school organizational effectiveness?
A total of 1,160 responses were used for analysis. The data were collected over a two-week period from July 16 to July 30, 2025, using simple random sampling of elementary, middle, and high school teachers in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam. The measurement tool from Ahn Chae-yeon (2022) was used to measure principals’ transformational leadership by modifying and supplementing. The measurement tool of teacher agency was used by reorganizing the questions of teacher agency questionnaire based on teacher professionalism developed by Mohamed et al. (2018). School vitality questionnaire developed by Lee Jae-deok (2012) was used to measure school vitality. In the case of the measurement tool of school organizational effectiveness, the questionnaire of Shin Jeong-heon (2021) was used for job performance and job satisfaction, and the questionnaire of Kang Gyeong-su (2007) was used for organizational commitment by modifying and supplementing. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0, and frequency analysis and descriptive analysis were conducted. Independent samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were performed to verify differences according to background variables, and the correlation analysis between variables, multiple regression analysis, structural equation modeling and bootstrapping for mediation analysis were conducted.
The results of this study can be summarized as follows:
First, the descriptive analysis of principals’ transformational leadership, teacher agency, school vitality, and school organizational effectiveness showed that teacher agency (M=4.28) had the highest mean among the four variables. At the sub-dimension level, the iterational dimension of teacher agency (M=4.53), job performance of school organizational effectiveness (M=4.29), charisma of transformational leadership (M=4.01), and autonomy of school vitality (M=3.99) were perceived most highly, in that order. Regarding teacher-level background variables, female teachers reported significantly higher scores than male teachers on overall teacher agency (t=-2.50, p<.05), the iterational dimension of teacher agency (t=-4.29, p<.001), and job performance as a sub-dimension of school organizational effectiveness (t=-4.43, p<.001). Teachers with 16 or more years of teaching experience showed higher perceptions than those with 15 years or less on the iterational dimension of teacher agency (F=26.37, p<.001), job performance (F=12.19, p<.001), and organizational commitment (F=3.75, p<.05). In addition, head teachers reported significantly higher scores than general teachers on overall teacher agency (t=-3.97, p<.001) and job performance (t=-2.48, p<.05), and teachers with a master’s degree or higher showed higher scores than those with a bachelor’s degree or lower on the iterational dimension of teacher agency (t=-5.60, p<.001) and job performance (t=-4.45, p<.001). With respect to school-level background variables, elementary school teachers reported the highest perceptions of job performance (F=16.48, p<.001) within school organizational effectiveness and autonomy (F= 39.74, p<.001) within school vitality. Furthermore, teachers working in national and public schools perceived overall teacher agency (t=2.59, p<.05) and job performance (t= 3.80, p<.001) significantly more positively than teachers in private schools.
Second, the correlation analysis among key variables confirmed significant positive correlations among all variables. In particular, the correlation coefficient between school vitality and school organizational effectiveness was the highest, at r=.78 (p<.001). Furthermore, the correlations between principals' transformational leadership and school vitality (r=.74) and between teacher agency and school organizational effectiveness (r=.69) were also very high, demonstrating the possibility of a close connection between each component.
Third, the results of the structural equation model analysis showed that principals’ transformational leadership significantly influenced teacher agency (β=.545, p<.001), school vitality (β=.535, p<.001), and school organizational effectiveness (β=.160, p<.001). In addition, teacher agency (β=.192, p<.001) and school vitality (β=.619, p<.001) also significantly influenced school organizational effectiveness, with school vitality being the variable that had the strongest influence. The overall structural model's explanatory power was 46.3% for school vitality and 62.4% for school organizational effectiveness.
Fourth, as a result of verifying the mediating effect through bootstrapping, the total indirect effect of principals’ transformational leadership on school organizational effectiveness through teacher agency and school vitality was β=.555 (p<.01), which was greater than the direct effect (β=.160, p<.01). In particular, the dual mediating effect linking teacher agency → school vitality → school organizational effectiveness was also significantly confirmed, with β=.043 (95% CI [.028, .061]). It is empirically demonstrated that teacher agency and school vitality are key mediating variables linking transformational leadership and school organizational effectiveness.
Based on the above findings, the conclusions of this study are as follows.
First, differences in teachers’ perceptions were found to be shaped not only by individual characteristics but also by role structures and school-level working environments. This finding suggests that schools need to establish organizational support systems that take into account teachers’ backgrounds and differentiated conditions of practice.
Second, principals’ transformational leadership was shown to influence school organizational effectiveness primarily through teacher agency and school vitality rather than through direct effects. In this regard, leadership practices should move beyond directive approaches and instead foster participatory processes that allow teachers to engage as active agents in vision formation and implementation.
Third, teacher agency and school vitality were identified as core pathways leading to school organizational effectiveness. To strengthen this pathway, schools are required to institutionalize participatory collaboration structures in which teachers’ proactive practices can be shared, coordinated, and reflected in school operations and decision-making processes.
Fourth, the sequential structure—where principals’ transformational leadership enhances teacher agency, strengthened teacher agency increases school vitality, and school vitality subsequently improves school organizational effectiveness—was empirically supported. This result highlights the importance of embedding this interconnected structure into everyday school operations by ensuring teacher autonomy and expanding shared decision-making practices.
Fifth, sustainable school change cannot be achieved through institutional arrangements alone. Rather, organizational change is more likely to be sustained when teachers’ internal commitment and willingness to engage in practice are strengthened, underscoring the need to emphasize teachers’ voluntary reflection and continuous professional development.