With the rapid development of information technology, corporate digital transformation (DT) has emerged as a key driving force for high-quality economic growth. At the same time, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance has become an im...
With the rapid development of information technology, corporate digital transformation (DT) has emerged as a key driving force for high-quality economic growth. At the same time, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance has become an important indicator for evaluating corporate sustainability and a critical decision-making criterion for external stakeholders, particularly creditors. Accordingly, debt financing cost—which reflects the difficulty of external financing and the efficiency of capital acquisition—has received considerable attention from both academia and practice. However, prior studies have primarily focused on the binary relationships of “DT–debt financing cost” or “ESG–debt financing cost,” and relatively few studies have examined these three factors within an integrated analytical framework.
Using 24,410 firm-year observations of A-share listed companies on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2012 to 2023, this study systematically analyzes the impact of digital transformation on debt financing cost and empirically identifies the mediating effect of ESG performance. Digital transformation is measured using the keyword-based approach proposed by Wu Fei et al. (2021), ESG performance is measured using the China Securities Index (CSI/Huazheng) ESG ratings, and debt financing cost is calculated with reference to the method of Li Guangzi and Liu Li (2009). The empirical analysis is conducted using multiple regression models, supplemented by robustness checks and heterogeneity analyses to enhance the reliability of the results.
The main empirical findings are as follows.
First, digital transformation significantly reduces debt financing cost. This result suggests that digital technologies enhance corporate information-processing capabilities and improve internal control and disclosure quality, thereby mitigating creditors’ uncertainty regarding cash flow and risk. In the detailed technology dimensions, artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, big data, and the aggregate digital technology index (ADT) all exhibit significant cost-reducing effects, whereas blockchain shows the same directional effect but is not statistically significant.
Second, ESG performance also exhibits a significant negative relationship with debt financing cost. Among its components, the social (S) and governance (G) dimensions significantly reduce debt financing cost, whereas the environmental (E) dimension is not significant under the sample and measurement conditions of this study. This reflects the reality that Chinese firms tend to prioritize social responsibility and governance enhancement in ESG implementation.
Third, the mediation analysis reveals that digital transformation significantly reduces debt financing cost through improvements in ESG performance. Social responsibility fulfillment and governance enhancement serve as the core transmission pathways, whereas the environmental dimension does not exhibit a significant mediating effect. Moreover, specific technological elements—including AI, cloud computing, big data, and digital technology application levels—also reduce debt financing cost indirectly by enhancing ESG performance.
Fourth, the main findings remain consistent across various robustness tests employing alternative measurements and lagged variables.
Fifth, heterogeneity analyses show that the cost-reducing effects of digital transformation and ESG performance are more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises and non-high-pollution industries, and the indirect effect of digital transformation through ESG is likewise stronger in these groups. Regionally, the direct effect of digital transformation is strongest in Northeast China, whereas the cost-reducing effect of ESG is most pronounced in Western China; the indirect pathway through ESG is also most evident in Western China.
This study provides several academic and practical contributions. By integrating digital transformation, ESG, and debt financing cost into a unified analytical framework and identifying the mediating effect, it expands prior research beyond binary relationships. The multidimensional measurement of DT and ESG clarifies their underlying mechanisms, and the use of large-scale, recent data enhances the robustness of the results. Additionally, heterogeneity analyses across firm types, industries, and regions reveal diverse effects on financing costs. Overall, the findings suggest that strengthening digital capabilities and ESG practices can effectively reduce debt financing cost and offer meaningful implications for corporate financing strategies and policy development.
This study has certain limitations. Digital transformation is measured through a word-frequency-based text analysis method, which may not fully capture firms’ actual digitalization levels, and ESG performance relies on a single rating source. Moreover, the analysis is limited to debt financing cost and does not reflect firms’ broader capital financing structure. Future research should adopt more comprehensive measurement approaches and expanded models to examine the complex relationships among digital transformation, ESG, and various financing costs.