Optimizing Railway Development Funding through Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): A Case Study of the Jakarta LRT Loopline, Indonesia

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

Jakarta's expansion of rail-based public transit systems is limited by severe congestion, environmental challenges, and fiscal constraints. Even though a new rail project is economically feasible, it is financially unviable.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• TABLE OF CONTENTS
• 1 INTRODUCTION 1
• 1.1 Background of Study 1
• 1.2 Problem Statement 3
• 1.3 Research Objectives 3
• 1.4 Research Question 4
• 1.5 Limitation of Research 4
• 1.6 Significance of Study 5
• 1.7 Thesis Structure 6
• 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
• 2.1 Transit Oriented Development 8
• 2.1.1 Definition of Transit Oriented Development 8
• 2.1.2 Typology of Transit Oriented Development 10
• 2.2 Implementation of Transit Oriented Development 12
• 2.2.1 TOD Implementation in Develop Countries 13
• 2.2.2 TOD Implementation in Developing Countries 17
• 2.2.3 Lessons Learned and Critical Successs Factors 20
• 2.3 Land Value Capture 20
• 2.3.1 Concept and Mechanism of LVC 21
• 2.3.2 Key Success Factors and Risk of LVC 22
• 2.3.3 Applicability to Railway Development 23
• 3 METHODOLOGY 24
• 3.1 Research Design 24
• 3.2 Data Collection 24
• 3.3 Case Study 25
• 3.3.1 Determining the Case Study 25
• 3.3.2 TOD Location Analyzed 26
• 3.4 Data Analysis 27
• 3.4.1 Demand Scenarios 27
• 3.4.2 Financial Model 28
• 3.4.3 Comparative Evaluation of TOD Impacts 29
• 3.5 Dependability, Validity, and Limitation 29
• 3.5.1 Dependability 29
• 3.5.2 Validity 30
• 3.5.3 Limitation 30
• 4 CASE STUDY AND ANALYSIS 31
• 4.1 General Overview 31
• 4.2 Model Business Assumption 35
• 4.3 Demand Scenarios 37
• 4.4 Financial Model 41
• 4.5 Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) 42
• 4.6 Operation Expenditure (OPEX) 45
• 4.7 Replacement Expenditure (REPEX) 47
• 4.8 Traffic Matrix 48
• 4.9 Non Farebox 52
• 4.9.1 OPEX for Non Farebox 52
• 4.9.2 Non-Farebox Revenue 53
• 4.10 Estimated TOD Cost 54
• 4.11 Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) for TOD 55
• 4.12 Operation Expenditure (OPEX) for TOD 56
• 4.13 Estimated Revenue for TOD 58
• 4.14 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 60
• 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION 63
• 5.1 Conclusion 63
• 5.2 Recommendation 65
• 5.2.1 Focus on the most financially beneficial TOD Nodes 65
• 5.2.2 Incorporate TOD Revenue in Structuring for PPP To Encourage Private Participation 65
• 5.2.3 Data Collection and Monitoring Framework Improvement 66
• 5.2.4 Recommendations on Further Research 66
• REFERENCES 67