In the twenty-first century, international politics has evolved into a multilayered environment characterized by simultaneous competition and cooperation among states, revealing the limitations of traditional diplomatic practices. In this context, pub...
In the twenty-first century, international politics has evolved into a multilayered environment characterized by simultaneous competition and cooperation among states, revealing the limitations of traditional diplomatic practices. In this context, public diplomacy—defined as diplomatic activities aimed at directly influencing the perceptions and attitudes of foreign publics—has emerged as a core strategic instrument, gaining prominence as a major analytical framework in both academic research and policy practice. Korea is widely regarded as a country that has accumulated substantial soft power resources through the global diffusion of the Korean Wave (Hallyu) and the achievements of economic development. These assets have provided a structural foundation for the advancement of public diplomacy as a central component of Korea’s foreign policy strategy.
Against this backdrop, this study seeks to analyze the institutional formation and policy development of Korea’s public diplomacy from the perspective of continuity rather than discontinuity. In particular, it aims to examine the linkage between the policy activities of the Presidential Council on Nation Branding (2009–2013), established under the Lee Myung-bak administration, and the enactment of the Public Diplomacy Act in 2016, thereby elucidating the pathway through which Korea’s public diplomacy was institutionalized and legalized. While existing studies have largely focused on the policy framework and performance of public diplomacy following the enactment of the Public Diplomacy Act—often emphasizing cultural diplomacy—this study differentiates itself by foregrounding the role of nation image and nation branding policies implemented prior to the formal institutionalization of public diplomacy.
Even before the term “public diplomacy” became widely established, Korea had actively pursued various forms of image-enhancement initiatives. Notably, major international events such as the Seoul Olympics and the Korea–Japan FIFA World Cup contributed to the formation of Korea’s national image, while successive administrations—from the Kim Dae-jung government (1998–2003) onward—undertook continuous efforts to enhance that image. Among these initiatives, the Presidential Council on Nation Branding established under the Lee Myung-bak administration serves as a representative case that illustrates the strategic and institutional formation of Korea’s public diplomacy. To examine this continuity, the study proceeds as follows.
First, it reviews the historical evolution of Korea’s external image policies and identifies policy continuity through the nation image initiatives pursued during the Kim Dae-jung and Roh Moo-hyun administrations. Building on this background, the study analyzes the circumstances under which the Lee Myung-bak administration designated nation branding as a national priority in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, as well as the process through which the Presidential Council on Nation Branding was established. As an organization founded by presidential decree, the Council promoted government-wide policies that integrated cultural, economic, and diplomatic resources, centering on mid- to long-term nation branding strategies and the First and Second Basic Plans for Nation Branding. Its major initiatives—including the utilization of international events, the promotion of culture-based diplomacy grounded in Hallyu, the dissemination of Korea’s development model, the improvement of global perceptions of Korean society, and the expansion of tourism and international cooperation—embodied key characteristics of public diplomacy and exerted a significant influence on the subsequent direction of Korea’s public diplomacy policies.
At the same time, the Council faced structural limitations stemming from its status as a temporary organization based on a presidential decree, constraints on inter-ministerial coordination, and the lack of sustainability in national image management. This study analyzes these limitations in connection with discussions on the legalization of nation branding policies and compares the institutional characteristics of the presidential decree-based Council with those of the Public Diplomacy Act. Through this comparison, it demonstrates that the Public Diplomacy Act represents an institutional reconfiguration of both the experiences and limitations of the earlier nation branding framework.
Furthermore, by examining the legislative process and key provisions of the Public Diplomacy Act, this study explores how Korea’s public diplomacy was systematized and institutionalized on a legal foundation. By clearly defining the concept of public diplomacy and specifying its implementation framework, governmental responsibilities, and evaluation mechanisms, the Act played a pivotal role in transforming the policy experiments of the nation branding era into a formalized public diplomacy system.
In conclusion, this study positions the Presidential Council on Nation Branding as a policy experiment and a crucial institutional bridge that functioned in the pre-institutional stage of Korea’s public diplomacy. It interprets the transition from nation image policies to nation branding strategies and ultimately to the enactment of the Public Diplomacy Act not as a rupture, but as a process of gradual transformation. Through this analysis, the study clarifies the formation pathway and distinctive features of Korea’s public diplomacy and offers policy implications for the future development of Korea’s public diplomacy strategy.