Innovation has become a core strategy for ensuring organizational sustainability and competitiveness in modern firms, and employees’ innovative behavior is increasingly recognized as a decisive factor that determines organizational success or failur...
Innovation has become a core strategy for ensuring organizational sustainability and competitiveness in modern firms, and employees’ innovative behavior is increasingly recognized as a decisive factor that determines organizational success or failure in the rapidly changing digital economy. In environments where technological change and industrial restructuring proceed at a fast pace, it is critical that innovative behavior does not stop at the level of proposing ideas but instead transforms into concrete outcomes through the continuous process of idea development, promotion, and implementation. Focusing on this multi-stage nature of innovative behavior, the present study explores how transformational leadership activates employees’ cognitive, affective, and motivational systems and thereby translates into actual innovative actions. While prior research has repeatedly demonstrated that transformational leadership has a positive effect on innovative behavior, relatively few studies have conducted an integrated empirical test of the serial mechanisms through which this relationship is transmitted via employee experience and psychological empowerment. Accordingly, this study seeks to empirically identify a multi-step pathway that links leadership, experience, psychological states, and behavior. Grounded in Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Determination Theory, this study empirically examines the mediating roles of employee experience and psychological empowerment in the relationship between transformational leadership and employees’ innovative behavior. From a social-cognitive perspective, leaders’ behaviors influence how employees perceive their environment, which in turn shapes changes in self-efficacy, perceived control, and intrinsic motivation. Self-Determination Theory explains that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—constitutes an internal driving force for innovative behavior. The integration of these two theories is particularly useful for explaining a serial mechanism in which transformational leadership first shapes employees’ positive experience of their physical, cultural, and technological environment, subsequently enhances psychological empowerment through this experience, and ultimately promotes innovative behavior. This theoretical linkage is implemented and tested in the empirical model of the present study. To achieve the research objectives, a survey was conducted among employees working in diverse industries in China, including manufacturing, construction, finance, services, information and communications technology, and transportation. The sample was collected from eight cities—Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Chongqing, Chengdu, Wuhan, Wuxi, and Hangzhou. A total of 473 questionnaires were distributed, and 450 valid responses were obtained (response rate 95.14%). In terms of demographic characteristics, 55.82% of respondents were in their 20s and 36.79% in their 30s, indicating that employees born after the 1980s constituted the majority of the sample. This reflects the current age structure of many organizations and, at the same time, broadens the scope of interpretation by including multiple age groups. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0. Descriptive statistics and reliability analysis (Cronbach’s α) were first conducted, and Harman’s single-factor test was employed to assess common method bias. The suitability of the data for factor analysis was examined using the KMO and Bartlett’s tests. The validity of the measurement model was assessed through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Convergent validity was evaluated using standardized factor loadings, Average Variance Extracted (AVE), and Composite Reliability (CR), while discriminant validity was established based on the Fornell–Larcker criterion and the Heterotrait–Monotrait ratio (HTMT). Structural model fit was examined comprehensively using χ²/df, CFI, TLI, and RMSEA, and the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The statistical significance of mediating effects was evaluated via bootstrapping with 5,000 resamples and 95% confidence intervals. Innovative behavior was measured using Janssen’s (2000) three-stage scale (idea generation, idea promotion, and idea realization). The main findings are as follows. First, transformational leadership exhibited a significant positive direct effect on innovative behavior (β = 0.398, p < .001), indicating that leaders’ idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration are directly linked to employees’ creative initiatives and problem-solving behaviors. Second, employee experience had a significant positive effect on innovative behavior (β = 0.323, p < .001) and functioned as an important mediating pathway in the relationship between transformational leadership and innovative behavior. This suggests that employees’ perceptions of a favorable physical environment, effective technological support, and an open organizational culture facilitate the actual manifestation of innovation. Third, psychological empowerment also had a significant positive effect on innovative behavior (β = 0.188, p < .05), indicating that it operates as a psychological resource pathway through which transformational leadership translates into employees’ innovative actions. Fourth, employee experience and psychological empowerment were found to operate in sequence as mediators between transformational leadership and innovative behavior. Specifically, leaders’ behaviors first shape employees’ positive experiences, these experiences enhance perceptions of psychological empowerment, and this, in turn, leads to higher levels of innovative behavior. These results were statistically supported by the bootstrapping tests of both single mediation and serial mediation effects specified in the study. The theoretical implications of this study are as follows. First, by integrating Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Determination Theory and empirically validating a serial mediation model of “transformational leadership → employee experience → psychological empowerment → innovative behavior,” the study complements the explanatory limitations of single-theory approaches and clarifies the composite mechanism of “environmental perception → motivational activation” through which leadership stimulates innovation (H9: B = 0.016). Second, by incorporating employee experience into the mediating pathways, the study goes beyond prior research that focused on single mediators and refines the mediating structure linking leadership and innovation. Specifically, it verifies the single mediating effect of employee experience (B = 0.139) and the single mediating effect of psychological empowerment (B = 0.085), thereby elucidating a sequential process in which employee experience (organizational experience) leads to psychological empowerment (psychological resources). Third, by combining structural equation modeling with bootstrapping (5,000 resamples), the study secures methodological rigor in examining complex mediating mechanisms and provides a methodological reference for future research. The practical implications are as follows. First, the development of transformational leadership should be linked to the deliberate design of employee experience. Specifically, organizations need to foster positive experiences by simultaneously building pleasant physical work environments, technological infrastructures that support work processes, and open and fair organizational cultures. Second, because positive experiences form the basis for enhancing psychological empowerment, managers should pay close attention to job design and resource allocation that enable meaningfulness, autonomy, competence development, and increased impact. Third, it is important to activate the key cognitions associated with psychological empowerment and to establish a sequential system of “leadership → employee experience → psychological empowerment,” through which organizations can build an ecosystem that continuously induces innovation. In sum, this study empirically identifies a serial pathway through which transformational leadership promotes innovative behavior via employee experience and psychological empowerment, and it demonstrates that transformational leadership has a significant direct effect on innovative behavior (β = 0.398, p < .001), while employee experience (β = 0.323, p < .001) and psychological empowerment (β = 0.188, p < .05) also exert significant effects on innovative behavior. These findings clearly show that the influence of leaders’ behaviors on employees’ environmental perceptions and psychological resources is translated into innovative behavior at the action level and underscore the importance of integrating experiential and psychological mechanisms in future research on leadership and innovation.