The mirror neuron system (MNS) is a neurological mechanism activated during both action observation and execution. Previous research on MNS has predominantly focused on upper-limb movements, and our understanding of MNS activation and functional conne...
The mirror neuron system (MNS) is a neurological mechanism activated during both action observation and execution. Previous research on MNS has predominantly focused on upper-limb movements, and our understanding of MNS activation and functional connectivity during whole-body movements, such as gait, remains limited. There is insufficient research on how the MNS responds when gait observation and execution are performed simultaneously and how inter-regional interactions change. This study compared and analyzed MNS activation patterns and functional connectivity during simultaneous versus independent performance of gait observation and execution using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Thirty healthy young adults participated in a within-subjects study using three randomized conditions: gait execution with action observation (GA), gait execution only (GE), and action observation only (AO). Brain activation and functional connectivity were analyzed in five MNS regions of interest (ROI): inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) pars triangularis, IFG pars opercularis, middle frontal gyrus (MFG), precentral gyrus (PrCG), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Gait parameters were measured using a pressure sensor-embedded treadmill.
The GA and GE exhibited significantly higher activation of oxygenated hemoglobin in most ROIs compared to AO alone, with this pattern being particularly prominent in bilateral IFG pars opercularis, PrCG, and right IPL. In contrast, AO showed significant decreases in oxyhemoglobin (HbO) concentrations across multiple channels. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that GA resulted in significantly stronger connectivity between the bilateral IFG pars opercularis than AO alone. Conversely, AO exhibited significantly stronger connectivity between the PrCG and IPL, as well as between IPL and other frontal regions, compared to both GA and GE. Gait analysis showed that GA resulted in significantly increased left stance and double-support phases than GE. Our findings suggest that during AO sufficient activation of the motor cortical regions was not induced. Instead, inhibitory mechanisms that prevent motor output were activated. The MNS processes gait observation and execution through differentiated network interaction patterns, with GA enhancing interhemispheric frontal coordination and AO strengthening posterior sensorimotor integration across the fronto-parietal network. Notably, despite low brain activation, AO demonstrated high functional connectivity, suggesting efficient internal simulation of observed gait. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence for the development of action-observation-based gait rehabilitation and motor-learning strategies.