Pregnant women and fetuses are considered representative vulnerable populations in the field of environmental health and are regarded as potential high-risk groups for adverse health effects associated with exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substan...
Pregnant women and fetuses are considered representative vulnerable populations in the field of environmental health and are regarded as potential high-risk groups for adverse health effects associated with exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Exposure to PFAS during pregnancy may adversely affect fetal development, including endocrine disruption, low birth weight, and preterm birth, and previous studies have reported that PFAS can cross the placenta, resulting in direct fetal exposure. Notably, fetuses are known to exhibit relatively high sensitivity even to low-level PFAS exposure, raising environmental health concerns regarding potential intergenerational health effects. The physicochemical properties of PFAS, including chemical structure, carbon chain length, and protein-binding affinity, influence their distribution and elimination in the human body, leading to differences in concentrations and placental transfer rates across biological matrices. Accordingly, this study aimed to analyze 33 PFAS in serum, plasma, urine, and cord serum samples from Korean singleton pregnant women to evaluate exposure levels and transplacental transfer ratios, and to investigate associations between PFAS exposure and various maternal and fetal characteristics.
This study included 151 singleton pregnant women from the Ideal Breast Milk (IBM) birth cohort recruited at Seoul National University Hospital, for whom matched serum, plasma, urine, and cord serum samples were available. Serum, plasma, and cord serum samples were pretreated using solid-phase extraction, urine samples were processed using liquid–liquid extraction, and all samples were quantitatively analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS).
Analysis of 33 PFAS showed that long-chain PFCAs (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFTrDA), PFSAs (Br-PFHxS, L-PFHxS, Br-PFOS, L-PFOS), a precursor compound (6:2 diPAP), and an alternative compound (9Cl-PF3ONS) exhibited consistently high detection frequencies in serum, plasma, and cord serum. In contrast, urine samples showed detection frequencies exceeding 70% for short-chain PFCAs (PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA), PFSAs (Br-PFHxS, L-PFHxS), and an alternative compound (ADONA). The transplacental transfer ratio (TPT) decreased with increasing carbon chain length from PFBA through PFDA, followed by an increase for PFUnDA, PFTrDA, and PFTeDA, forming a U-shaped pattern, suggesting the potential for PFAS to cross the placenta and result in fetal exposure.
Analyses of associations between PFAS exposure levels and maternal and fetal characteristics indicated that PFTrDA concentrations in blood samples were higher among pregnant women with pre-pregnancy obesity, while Br-PFHxS and L-PFHxS concentrations were higher among primiparous women. In serum, PFOA and Br-PFOS concentrations were lower among women who experienced preterm birth. In plasma, 9Cl-PF3ONS concentrations were higher among women younger than 35 years, and 6:2 diPAP concentrations were significantly higher among women with a history of infertility treatment. In urine, Br-PFHxS concentrations were higher among women of advanced maternal age, while PFHxA and Br-PFHxS concentrations were significantly higher among primiparous women. In cord serum, 6:2 diPAP concentrations were significantly higher among women who conceived naturally. Regarding fetal growth outcomes, plasma concentrations of 11Cl-PF3OUdS were significantly higher in infants with relatively smaller head circumference at birth. In urine, L-PFHxS concentrations, and in cord serum, concentrations of PFDA, PFUnDA, Br-PFOS, L-PFOS, and 9Cl-PF3ONS were significantly higher in female infants. Sex-stratified analyses showed that serum L-PFOS and cord serum 9Cl-PF3ONS concentrations were significantly higher among female infants with smaller head circumference at birth, while urinary ADONA concentrations were higher among male infants with smaller head circumference.
To accurately characterize PFAS exposure, assessments incorporating multiple biological matrices are required, as physicochemical properties and elimination pathways vary across matrices. By comprehensively evaluating PFAS exposure levels and transplacental transfer characteristics in Korean singleton pregnant women and their fetuses, this study suggests that single-matrix–based assessments may underestimate actual fetal PFAS exposure. Furthermore, analyses of associations between PFAS exposure levels and maternal and fetal characteristics, adjusted for relevant covariates, highlight the necessity of multi-matrix–based PFAS biomonitoring for accurate exposure assessment.