Phthalates are representative plasticizers added to materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to provide flexibility and are widely used in various consumer products, including flooring materials, food packaging, and toys. However, as potential healt...
Phthalates are representative plasticizers added to materials such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to provide flexibility and are widely used in various consumer products, including flooring materials, food packaging, and toys. However, as potential health effects such as endocrine disruption and developmental toxicity have been reported, alternative plasticizers have been developed to replace phthalates. Nevertheless, toxicological and safety information on these alternative plasticizers remains limited, and concerns regarding their potential human health risks persist. Pregnant women are considered a vulnerable population because they are more sensitive to chemical exposures due to their physiological and metabolic characteristics, and exposed substances may directly affect the fetus via placental transfer. Despite this, biomonitoring data on exposure to phthalates and alternative plasticizers among pregnant women in Korea are still limited, highlighting the need for studies targeting this population.
The aim of this study was to evaluate urinary exposure levels to phthalate and alternative plasticizer metabolites in pregnant women with singleton pregnancies in Korea, examine the associations with demographic characteristics and neonatal birth outcomes, and assess the probability of exceeding health-based guidance values through risk assessment. A total of 256 pregnant women were recruited from the Ideal Breast Milk (IBM) cohort. In their urine samples, 21 phthalate metabolites and 20 alternative plasticizer metabolites were quantified. Samples were pretreated using solid-phase extraction (SPE), and target analytes were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). Subsequently, associations between metabolite concentrations and demographic factors as well as neonatal birth characteristics were evaluated using SAS 9.4.
The geometric mean concentrations of urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer metabolites ranged from 0.05 (ADBC) to 20.10 (MnBP) μg/g creatinine. Among the 41 target metabolites, 21 showed detection frequencies of ≥70%. In general, alternative plasticizer metabolites exhibited lower detection frequencies than phthalate metabolites; however, some compounds demonstrated notably high exposure levels. In particular, 5cx-MEPTP, a metabolite of DEHTP, was detected in all samples (100% detection frequency), with a maximum concentration of 1339.03 μg/g creatinine. In addition, DEC (a metabolite of ATEC) and DBC (a metabolite of ATBC) showed high detection frequencies of 96.09% and 98.44%, respectively, with maximum concentrations of 11,254.48 μg/g creatinine and 3441.68 μg/g creatinine. These findings suggest that, in line with the increasing use of alternative plasticizers, 5cx-MEPTP, DEC, and DBC may serve as important biomarker candidates for assessing human exposure to alternative plasticizers.
In the analysis of associations with demographic factors and neonatal birth outcomes, statistically significant differences were observed for several variables, including maternal body mass index (BMI), year of delivery, neonatal sex, and birth length (p < 0.05). In the risk assessment, most participants had hazard quotient (HQ) values below 1, indicating a generally low likelihood of health risk. However, a small number of participants showed HQ values exceeding 1 for DEHP, DiBP, DnBP, and DEHA, suggesting that relatively high exposure may occur in certain individuals, potentially influenced by lifestyle behaviors, product-use patterns, or indoor environmental conditions.
This study provides comprehensive biomonitoring data on phthalate and alternative plasticizer exposure among pregnant women in Korea and has substantial academic significance. The findings are expected to serve as fundamental evidence for developing strategies to reduce chemical exposure in vulnerable populations and for establishing environmental health policies in Korea.