The rapid development of modern society has led to improvements in living standards and medical technology, resulting in increased life expectancy and expanded social and economic participation among older adults. The senior population, once perceived...
The rapid development of modern society has led to improvements in living standards and medical technology, resulting in increased life expectancy and expanded social and economic participation among older adults. The senior population, once perceived primarily as a dependent group, has transformed into a generation characterized by improved physical and mental health as well as greater economic stability. As a result, seniors actively pursue a higher quality of life through social engagement and self-care behaviors. In particular, growing interest in appearance management and youthful images has positioned senior women as an important consumer group in the beauty and fashion industries, reflecting notable changes in their lifestyles. Within this context, makeup is no longer regarded as a simple aesthetic practice but is increasingly recognized as a psychological means of forming positive impressions, reinforcing self-identity, and enhancing self-satisfaction. Accordingly, makeup practices among senior women function as a positive response to aging and a form of self-expression, ultimately influencing life satisfaction and subjective well-being.
Despite this growing significance, previous studies on seniors have largely focused on specific age groups or consumption and beauty-related behaviors, with most research relying on quantitative approaches. In particular, studies that explore the psychological and social meanings embedded in senior women’s makeup experiences remain limited. Therefore, this study aims to conduct an in-depth exploration of how senior women’s makeup styles function beyond appearance management, serving as a means of self-expression related to identity formation and social relationships.
The purpose of this study is to qualitatively analyze the formation of makeup styles among senior women and the psychological factors influencing these styles. A total of 28 women aged between their 50s and 70s participated in the study. Data were collected through focus group interviews (FGI) and one-on-one in-depth interviews, and a phenomenological research approach was applied.
The results of the study are as follows. First, analysis of self-expression through makeup revealed both behavioral and qualitative changes. As age increased, makeup application time decreased, product use became simplified, and the use of color cosmetics declined. These changes reflected practical purposes related to time constraints and efforts to compensate for age-related physical changes. Makeup styles shifted from trend-oriented and elaborate looks to more natural and comfortable expressions, with emphasis moving from eye makeup and strong colors to skin expression and lip makeup.
Second, psychological factors influencing makeup behaviors included value-oriented changes and psychological transformations. Whereas senior women previously perceived makeup as a means of external beauty enhancement and self-display, they now regarded it as an expression of inner dignity, basic etiquette, and self-care. This shift indicates a transition from makeup as a behavior intended for others’ gaze to one that reflects self-respect and inner maturity. Additionally, senior women experienced complex emotions related to appearance changes, and actively engaged in semi-permanent makeup, skincare, and cosmetic procedures. These practices functioned as psychological regulation processes aimed at alleviating loss and negative emotions while restoring emotional stability and self-esteem.
Third, senior women’s makeup styles were formed and transformed across the life course. In their 20s, participants preferred trendy and elaborate makeup styles; in their 30s and 40s, styles were adjusted to align with social roles; and after their 50s, naturalness and neatness became emphasized. Although makeup frequency decreased in their 60s and 70s, makeup practices continued as habitual behaviors associated with maintaining personal identity.
Fourth, appearance management through makeup was found to have a positive impact on senior women’s quality of life and social relationships. Makeup enhanced self-esteem, confidence, and emotional stability, and was recognized in social contexts as an expression of neatness and basic etiquette, thereby eliciting positive interpersonal responses. These experiences served as motivation for continued appearance management and contributed to social efficacy and the formation of smooth interpersonal relationships.
This study is meaningful in that it provides an in-depth qualitative analysis of the formation of makeup styles among senior women and integratively explores psychological factors and style changes that have been insufficiently addressed in previous research. Future studies should employ more diverse samples and refined measurement frameworks to further examine senior women’s makeup behaviors, and qualitative research on appearance management behaviors and psychological factors among senior men—whose interest in appearance is increasing—would serve as a valuable direction for subsequent research.