In contemporary society, personal image has emerged as a core source of individual competitiveness. As a result, interest in image consulting services has grown rapidly alongside the expansion of the industry. Image consulting is a high-involvement se...
In contemporary society, personal image has emerged as a core source of individual competitiveness. As a result, interest in image consulting services has grown rapidly alongside the expansion of the industry. Image consulting is a high-involvement service that goes beyond outward transformation to deliver psychological benefits and enhance self-identity, thereby fulfilling customers’ needs for internal satisfaction and self-expression.
The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the structural relationships between image consulting service quality, customer satisfaction, and word-of-mouth intention, and to verify the moderating effect of perceived value as well as structural differences by gender through multi-group analysis.
Previous studies have examined the relationships among service quality, customer satisfaction, and word-of-mouth intention across various service industries. However, empirical research in the field of image consulting remains limited. In particular, prior image consulting studies have focused primarily on external image outcomes or diagnostic and educational aspects, while empirical approaches to service quality and perceived value have been insufficient. To address this gap, the present study systematizes service quality factors tailored to the characteristics of image consulting based on service quality theory, and comprehensively examines differences in customer responses according to perceived value and gender.
The research model conceptualized service quality as consisting of five dimensions, namely assurance, reliability, tangibles, responsiveness, and empathy, which were set as the key independent variables for analyzing their effects on customer satisfaction and word-of-mouth intention. Perceived value was specified as a moderating variable, and gender was defined as a grouping variable for hypothesis testing. The study sample comprised 400 men and women in their 20s to 40s, with 200 men and 200 women, all of whom had prior experience using image consulting services, and data were collected through an online survey. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 28.0 and AMOS 28.0, and the analysis included reliability testing of the measurement model using Cronbach’s α and composite reliability, validity testing through confirmatory factor analysis, average variance extracted, and discriminant validity, as well as structural equation modeling, tests of moderating effects, and multi-group analysis by gender.
The results showed that not all dimensions of service quality had significant effects on customer satisfaction and word-of-mouth intention; statistically significant positive effects were identified only for certain factors. Specifically, assurance, tangibles, and responsiveness had significant effects on customer satisfaction, while assurance, reliability, tangibles, and responsiveness significantly influenced word-of-mouth intention. These findings indicate that the effects of service quality differ by dimension. In addition, customer satisfaction was identified as the strongest predictor of word-of-mouth intention, empirically demonstrating that customer satisfaction is the key determinant of word-of-mouth intention.
Perceived value exhibited a moderating effect on selected paths in the relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction, and word-of-mouth intention. In other words, higher levels of perceived service value strengthened the effects of service quality on both customer satisfaction and word-of-mouth intention.
The multi-group analysis by gender revealed that, in some paths, the relationships between service quality and customer satisfaction and word-of-mouth intention were relatively stronger in the female group, whereas the moderating effects of perceived value were more pronounced in the male group for certain paths. This suggests that perceptions of service value and behavioral response processes differ by gender.
By empirically identifying the mechanisms underlying customer behavior in image consulting services, this study clearly demonstrates how service quality dimensions influence the formation of customer satisfaction and word-of-mouth intention. Furthermore, by jointly analyzing perceived value and gender-based differences in perception, the study provides implications for effective quality management strategies in image consulting services. Based on these findings, the study is expected to offer foundational data that can be applied in practice to develop service designs tailored to customer characteristics and value-oriented communication strategies in the image consulting industry. Ultimately, the results suggest that image consulting services can evolve beyond simple outward image management into integrated services that reflect customers’psychological value and emotional satisfaction, thereby contributing to qualitative industry growth and enhanced customer experiences.