This study empirically examines the relationship between capital structure and firm value from a multi-dimensional perspective using a panel dataset of non-financial firms listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) over the period 2017�...
This study empirically examines the relationship between capital structure and firm value from a multi-dimensional perspective using a panel dataset of non-financial firms listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index (KOSPI) over the period 2017–2024. To address the limitations of prior studies that relied on a single leverage indicator and a single valuation metric, this study distinguishes capital structure into total debt ratio (LEV), long-term debt ratio (LTD), and short-term debt ratio (STD), each treated as an independent explanatory variable. Firm value is measured using Tobin’s Q, PER, and ROA, which reflect different valuation perspectives in financial markets and internal performance assessments.
Using an unbalanced panel of 178 firms (1,424 firm-year observations), the analysis is conducted based on fixed-effects models selected through Hausman tests. The empirical results indicate that the effects of leverage vary depending on the valuation perspective. Specifically, total leverage shows a positive and statistically significant relationship with Tobin’s Q, suggesting that debt usage may be interpreted by capital markets as a signal of growth expectations or financial discipline. In contrast, leverage exhibits a negative and significant relationship with ROA, implying that higher debt burdens may undermine internal profitability through increased financial costs and operational constraints. When PER is used as the dependent variable, the effects of capital structure are not statistically significant, indicating that relative valuation metrics may reflect factors beyond balance-sheet leverage.
Analyses distinguishing debt maturity structures reveal that neither long-term nor short-term debt ratios exert statistically significant effects on firm value measures, suggesting that the overall level of debt is more relevant than its maturity composition in the valuation process. Moderation analyses further demonstrate that firm size plays a consistent and meaningful role in shaping the relationship between leverage and firm value. As firm size increases, the positive impact of leverage on Tobin’s Q becomes stronger, while the negative effect on ROA is amplified, indicating that identical debt levels may be interpreted differently depending on firm scale. In contrast, profitability and debt stability do not exhibit statistically significant moderating effects across models.
Control variables, including growth, liquidity substitutes, and industry and year dummies, do not show consistent significance, allowing the core effects of capital structure and firm characteristics to be more clearly identified.
Overall, the findings suggest that the relationship between capital structure and firm value is not uniform but varies systematically according to valuation perspective and firm characteristics.
This study contributes to the literature by providing a multi-dimensional analysis of capital structure effects, integrating multiple debt measures, valuation indicators, and moderating variables within a unified empirical framework.
The results imply that capital structure decisions should consider not only financing efficiency but also how debt is perceived in market valuation and internal performance, offering meaningful implications for financial strategy and corporate decision-making.
Keywords: Capital Structure, Firm Value, Leverage, LTD, STD, Tobin’s Q, ROA, PER, Panel Data