The global transition toward sustainable and low-carbon energy systems has placed unprecedented emphasis on the development of clean, efficient, and scalable energy conversion technologies. Hydrogen has emerged as a key energy vector in this transitio...
The global transition toward sustainable and low-carbon energy systems has placed unprecedented emphasis on the development of clean, efficient, and scalable energy conversion technologies. Hydrogen has emerged as a key energy vector in this transition owing to its high gravimetric energy density, carbon-free end use, and compatibility with renewable electricity sources. Among the various hydrogen production pathways, electrochemical water splitting represents a technologically mature and environmentally benign approach capable of producing high-purity hydrogen without direct greenhouse gas emissions. However, the widespread deployment of water electrolysis technologies remains constrained by efficiency losses, material costs, and long-term operational durability, particularly under high current density operation. Recent advances in materials science have highlighted the critical role of electrocatalyst design in overcoming these limitations. The ability to engineer catalyst composition, crystal structure, and surface electronic states has opened new opportunities to improve reaction kinetics and stability while reducing reliance on scarce noble metals. In this context, alkaline water electrolysis systems especially those employing anion exchange membranes have gained increasing attention as a promising platform for integrating high-performance, earth-abundant electrocatalysts with device-level scalability. The central motivation of this work is to establish rational material design strategies for enhancing the oxygen evolution reaction under alkaline conditions and to validate their practical relevance within anion exchange membrane water electrolysis systems. Rather than treating electrocatalyst development as an isolated materials problem, this thesis adopts a holistic approach that connects crystal chemistry, lattice reconstruction, and electronic modulation with device-level performance and durability. Specifically, this work explores three complementary electrocatalyst design paradigms: (i) transition-metal site engineering within ferrite oxide frameworks to modulate intrinsic electronic structure, (ii) oxide-to-phosphate lattice transformation as a route to stabilize active phases and improve alkaline durability, and (iii) strategic noble metal decoration to fine-tune interfacial charge transfer without compromising economic feasibility. Across all chapters, the emphasis is placed on understanding how compositional complexity, defect formation, and surface electronic interactions influence oxygen evolution kinetics under realistic operating conditions. By integrating advanced electrocatalysts into full anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer devices, this thesis aims to bridge the gap between fundamental materials design and practical hydrogen production technologies. The overarching goal is to provide structure-activity-durability insights that contribute to the development of cost-effective, high-performance alkaline electrolyzers suitable for scalable green hydrogen generation. Chapter 1, provides a comprehensive introduction to electrochemical water splitting with a particular focus on alkaline oxygen evolution catalysis and anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). The fundamental thermodynamics and kinetics of water electrolysis are outlined, emphasizing the oxygen evolution reaction as the principal rate-limiting step governing overall system efficiency. Current challenges associated with catalyst activity, stability, and cost are discussed in the context of emerging alkaline electrolyzer technologies. The chapter further introduces key electrocatalyst design principles relevant to alkaline operation, including transition metal site engineering, lattice reconstruction, and electronic structure modulation. Special attention is given to oxide-derived phosphate frameworks and multi-metal systems as promising alternatives to conventional noble-metal-based catalysts, owing to their tunable redox chemistry and enhanced chemical stability. The operating principles, advantages, and remaining challenges of AEMWE are also reviewed, highlighting its compatibility with earth-abundant materials and its relevance for device-level evaluation. By establishing the scientific background, technological context, and material design rationale, this chapter lays the conceptual foundation for the subsequent experimental chapters, which focus on the development, characterization, and AEMWE integration of advanced electrocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen production. In Chapter 2, a spinel lanthanum ferrites incorporated with multiple transition metals at the A-site, with a fixed lanthanum concentration (0.05 M) at the B-site, were synthesized using the conventional solution combustion technique. These materials were explored as non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts for overall water splitting and Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (AEM-WE). Five different compositions were prepared, each containing two equimolar transition metals (Co, Cu, Zn, Ni) in the A-site, and their performance in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) was systematically evaluated. Among these, Co0.5Ni0.5La0.05Fe1.95O4 (CoNi-LFO) and Co0.5Cu0.5La0.05Fe1.95O4 (CoCu-LFO) demonstrated remarkable activity in 1 M KOH, achieving a current density of 100 mA cm-2 at 1.55 V vs. RHE for OER and 0.18 V vs. RHE for HER, respectively. When combined in a two-electrode system (CoNi-LFO || CoCu-LFO) for overall water splitting, the pair required a cell voltage of 1.63 V to reach the benchmark current density of 10 mA cm-2. The system-maintained stability during a 48 h test at 200 mA cm-2 with minimal degradation. Subsequently, a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) with a large active area of 16 cm2 was fabricated using CoNi-LFO for OER and CoCu-LFO for HER. This MEA was integrated into an AEM-WE device, which demonstrated superior performance in 3 M KOH at a flow rate of 5 mL min-1. The AEM-WE device exhibited stable and consistent hydrogen production during longterm testing at 200 mA cm2 for 200 h with no observable degradation. In Chapter 3, a palladium-decorated reduced cobalt-iron phosphate, (Co2.9Fe4.1)(PO4)6, denoted as Pd-CFP(R), was synthesized through a controlled phosphidation-reduction route from spinel CoFe2O4. The systematic transformation from the parent oxide to the mixed-metal phosphate phase was validated by X-ray diffraction and corroborated by structure-plane simulations. Morphological assessments through SEM and TEM revealed uniformly distributed nanostructures with minimal morphological distortion after Pd incorporation. The surface analysis confirmed the co-existence of redox couples (Co2+/Co3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+), while the emergence of metallic Pd0 states indicated successful surface reduction and electron density modulation. Electrochemical evaluations demonstrated that Pd-CFP(R) exhibits greater oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, achieving 100 mA cm-2 at 1.494 V vs. RHE along with a Tafel slope of 36.3 mV dec-1, surpassing both pristine CFO and reduced CFP(R). The increased activity is accredited to optimized charge transfer kinetics and improved active surface density, as supported by EIS and ECSA analyses. The Pd CFP(R) maintained remarkable operational stability at 400 mA cm-2 for 24 h and structural integrity post-stability. Integration into a single-cell Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer (AEMWE) achieved robust cell operation in 1.0 M KOH at a flow rate of 5 mL min-1, exhibiting minimal overpotential drift during 35 h ON/OFF durability testing. This study provides a rational pathway to design electronically modulated transition-metal phosphate frameworks for sustainable and durable AEM-based water electrolysis systems. In Chapter 4, a ruthenium-modified nickel-cobalt pyrophosphate [(NiCo)(P2O7)] catalyst (Ru-NCP) as a high-performance oxygen evolution electrode under alkaline conditions and its application in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). The NiCo2O4 precursor was transformed into a pyrophosphate framework through phosphidation, followed by Ru deposition and thermal reduction under Ar/H2. Structural analyses (XRD, Raman, TEM, XPS) confirmed the formation of the (NiCo)(P2O7) lattice and Ru-induced modulation of metal oxidation states. Electrochemical studies revealed an overpotential of 1.567 V at 100 mA cm-2 and stable operation at 400 mA cm-2 for 24 h in 1 M KOH. Integrated into an AEMWE, Ru-NCP achieved 1.6 A cm-2 at 4.5 V with long-term durability. The superior performance arises from Ru-mediated electronic reconfiguration and enhanced active site accessibility within the pyrophosphate matrix.