Korean society has been experiencing intense ideological polarization and social conflict surrounding politically and socially significant issues. In this process, the media have frequently been criticized for relying on partisan journalism rather tha...
Korean society has been experiencing intense ideological polarization and social conflict surrounding politically and socially significant issues. In this process, the media have frequently been criticized for relying on partisan journalism rather than maintaining objectivity and neutrality, thereby amplifying conflicts instead of contributing to their resolution. This criticism is particularly salient in the coverage of major conflicts and sensitive issues arising at the regional level, where news reporting often neglects local sentiments and contexts and reduces complex policy disputes to isolated events, failing to fulfill the media’s normative role.
Against this backdrop, this study examines the free school meal controversy as a case study and analyzes the news frames employed by conservative and progressive media, as well as by national and local newspapers, that
competitively covered the conflict. The purpose of this research is to identify the framing patterns and reporting characteristics of media coverage of policy conflicts, to empirically assess the limitations of objectivity and fairness in conflict reporting, and to explore desirable directions for media coverage of social conflicts.
The findings reveal several key patterns.
First, with respect to partisanship, both conservative and progressive media commonly focused on event-centered reporting and confrontation-oriented
conflict frames. Despite the policy nature of the free school meal controversy, coverage tended to emphasize moments of collision and opposition rather than institutional contexts or long-term policy alternatives, reflecting a general limitation of conflict reporting. Nevertheless, clear partisan differences emerged in the interpretation and meaning-making of the conflict. Conservative media primarily employed political frames and policy- and actor-centered cognitive frames, reconstructing the controversy as an issue of administrative
decision-making, political responsibility, fiscal burden, and efficiency. In welfare framing, conservative outlets consistently emphasized selective welfare, reflecting an ideological view of welfare as the rational allocation of limited resources.
In contrast, progressive media utilized ideological frames and value- and event-centered cognitive frames to interpret the free school meal controversy as a conflict over students’ basic rights, the public nature of education, and social equity. Progressive outlets consistently highlighted universal welfare in their welfare frames, positioning free school meals as a core policy for guaranteeing social rights. This indicates that progressive media framed the controversy not as a simple policy choice, but as a structural conflict over the welfare responsibilities of the state and local governments.
Analyses of emotional and formal frames further revealed heterogeneity within media groups. Some conservative outlets maintained a relatively restrained tone and neutral article formats, presenting the positions of conflicting actors in parallel. This finding challenges previous studies that have treated conservative media as a homogeneous ideological bloc. Moreover, selective exposure through the use of opinion polls or adjustments in the volume of coverage suggests that certain media outlets may strategically manage the social visibility of conflict issues.
Second, in terms of regionality, both national and local media shared a
tendency toward event-centered and confrontation-oriented reporting. Thematic frame analysis shows that both focused on episodic events such as press
conferences, official statements, and administrative measures, while universal welfare frames were relatively dominant in welfare coverage. Emotional frame analysis also revealed a high proportion of negative frames, indicating a shared tendency to portray the conflict in adversarial and critical terms.
However, notable differences emerged in cognitive frames and their
subcategories. National media tended to rely on personalization and
actor-centered frames, interpreting the free school meal controversy in
connection with the political actions of specific politicians and the broader national political landscape. This reflects a reporting practice in which the issue is reconstructed as part of national political discourse rather than as a regional policy problem. By contrast, local media employed systematization and event frames, focusing on the institutional and administrative dynamics of the conflict, such as audit directives by the Gyeongnam Provincial Government, responses by the Office of Education, and deliberations within local councils. Local outlets also actively incorporated opinion polls, residents’ reactions, and the roles of regional political actors, framing the conflict as a process of public deliberation within the local community. This pattern reflects the proximity of local media to residents directly affected by the conflict and their tendency to view it as an issue embedded in everyday life.
Third, a cross-analysis of partisanship and regionality revealed clearer distinctions in conflict representation across media types. Conservative national media framed the controversy primarily as political confrontation and ideological conflict, focusing on institutional political actors and policy decision-making processes. Conservative local media, by contrast, emphasized on-the-ground reporting and the unfolding of events, combining confrontation frames with responsibility attribution and compromise frames, thereby placing relatively greater emphasis on the possibility of conflict mediation. Progressive national media interpreted the controversy as a problem of welfare policy and social structure, foregrounding publicness, equity, and state responsibility. Progressive local media, meanwhile, emphasized resident participation and field-based perspectives, treating the issue as one closely tied to the everyday lives of local communities and highlighting civic engagement and local public opinion to suggest both structural causes and potential solutions.
Overall, the findings demonstrate that partisanship functions as a key variable shaping the normative direction and ideological meaning of conflict
interpretation, while regionality determines the focal points and narrative structures of media coverage. At the same time, both national and local, conservative and progressive media share a common limitation: coverage tends to concentrate on moments of conflict escalation, while reporting that presents policy alternatives or mediation mechanisms during resolution phases remains limited. This suggests that the free school meal controversy is not a one-time event, but a recurring social conflict with a similar structural pattern.
By adopting a multidimensional analytical framework that integrates partisanship and regionality, this study complements previous research centered on national media or single analytical dimensions. It contributes both academically and socially by highlighting the need to reassess the public responsibility and conflict-mediating role of the media in reporting public policy disputes.