This study empirically examines how R&D activity types affect innovation performance among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and mid-sized manufacturing firms, and comprehensively tests the moderating roles of the level of digital transfor...
This study empirically examines how R&D activity types affect innovation performance among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and mid-sized manufacturing firms, and comprehensively tests the moderating roles of the level of digital transformation, firm location (capital vs. non-capital region), and industrial technological intensity (high-tech vs. non-high-tech industries). Using the “2022 Korea Innovation Survey: Manufacturing Sector” conducted by the Science and Technology Policy Institute (STEPI), the analysis draws on a sample of 1,239 firms that conducted innovation activities. The key independent variables are the shares of internal R&D and external R&D in total R&D expenditure, and the dependent variables are the sales contribution of market-new products, the sales contribution of firm-new products, and the sales contribution of existing products. Multiple regression analysis is conducted, and bootstrap-based confidence interval tests are employed to assess statistical significance. The results indicate that a higher share of internal R&D is associated with a lower sales contribution of market-new products and a higher sales contribution of firm-new products, while its association with the sales contribution of existing products is not statistically significant. A higher share of external R&D shows a significantly positive association only with the sales contribution of firm-new products and does not have a significant effect on the sales contribution of market-new products or the sales contribution of existing products. The level of digital transformation significantly moderates the relationships between internal/external R&D and the sales contribution of existing products: as digital transformation increases, firms’ reliance on existing product sales decreases, and the contribution of internal R&D tends to be strengthened. Industrial technological intensity (high-tech status) moderates the relationship between internal R&D and the sales contribution of firm-new products, whereas firm location does not exhibit a statistically significant moderating effect. These findings suggest that the performance implications of firms’ R&D strategies vary depending on their digital transformation capabilities and technological level, consistent with digital-based process innovation cases observed in manufacturing practice. This study is limited to manufacturing firms, which constrains generalizability to non-manufacturing sectors (e.g., services, public organizations, and venture firms), and it measures digital transformation using a single item, which may not fully capture the multidimensional nature of digital capabilities. Despite these limitations, by jointly identifying the relationships between R&D activity types and innovation performance within the external contexts of digital transformation, region, and technological intensity, this study provides academic and policy implications. Future research may strengthen the empirical foundation for a digital-based innovation ecosystem in Korean manufacturing by employing panel data, composite indices of digital transformation, and more sophisticated models that incorporate mixed strategies of internal and external R&D
Keywords: R&D activity types; innovation performance; level of digital transformation; high-tech industries; SMEs and mid-sized manufacturing firms