This study aims to develop an inert-atmosphere-based pretreatment device capable of safely processing spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) without a preliminary discharge step and to optimize the associated pretreatment conditions. The developed system ...
This study aims to develop an inert-atmosphere-based pretreatment device capable of safely processing spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) without a preliminary discharge step and to optimize the associated pretreatment conditions. The developed system integrates a sealed shredding unit, thermal drying chamber, oxygen-controlled inert gas circulation, and an alkaline scrubbing system designed to maintain oxygen concentrations below 4% during operation. A vacuum pass box was incorporated to minimize oxygen intrusion during sample loading, thereby ensuring a stable inert environment throughout the pretreatment sequence.
To evaluate the safety and operating performance of the system, experiments were conducted focusing on oxygen-concentration control, thermogravimetric pretreatment behavior, electrolyte removal efficiency, hazardous-gas neutralization, and the physicochemical characteristics of recovered black powder. Stable shredding of non-discharged cells was achieved when the internal oxygen concentration was controlled at approximately 3%, with no occurrence of ignition, combustion, or abnormal thermal events. The optimized thermal-drying condition was identified as 300°C, which enabled effective electrolyte removal while preventing excessive decomposition of LiPF6 and minimizing the generation of HF and HCl.
Performance verification of cylindrical (18650-type) and pouch-type LIBs demonstrated electrolyte removal efficiencies of 5.3% and 21.3%, respectively. NaOH scrubbing effectively neutralized hazardous gases generated during thermal treatment, resulting in final emission levels that remained below the safety threshold. XRD and SEM-EDS analyses confirmed the preservation of NCM structures in cylindrical-cell black powder, while pouch-type samples exhibited coexisting LiFePO4 and NCM phases, indicating that the pretreatment conditions did not induce structural degradation of active materials.
Overall, the results confirm that the proposed pretreatment system enables safe and efficient processing of spent LIBs under non-discharge conditions by stabilizing oxygen concentration, suppressing thermal-runaway pathways, and facilitating effective electrolyte removal while preserving the integrity of valuable cathode materials. The optimized pretreatment conditions established in this study also provide a robust foundation for subsequent hydro metallurgical and pyrometallurgical recovery steps, demonstrating strong potential for industrial-scale application in the battery-recycling sector.