군중밀도별 압력 측정과 생리적 반응 분석을 통한 한국형 과밀척도 개발 = Development of a Korean Overcrowding Index based on Pressure and Physiological Responses by Crowd Density

다국어 초록 (Multilingual Abstract)

This study experimentally measured contact pressure on the human body and associated physiological responses in crowded conditions, and proposed a Korean-style crowd overcrowding index based on these results. A wearable pneumatic pressure device and a 1m2 crowd pressure booth were developed. Experiments were conducted by increasing density from 5person/m2 in steps of 1 person (up to 11person/m2 for males and 12person/m2 for females), measuring upper-body pressure with the wearable device and collecting post-experiment questionnaires on symptom occurrence at each density level.
Welch one-way ANOVA showed that density had a statistically significant effect on pressure for both males and females (p<0.001), Games-Howell post-hoc tests indicated that meaningful increases in crowd pressure first appeared at 7person/m2 for male and 8person/m2 for females. Independent-samples t-test further confirmed that, from 7person/m2 and above, male groups experienced significantly higher pressure than female groups at the same density, reflecting the influence of body size on contact loading. Nonlinear regression analysis demonstrated that an exponential model provided the best fit (R2=0.895 for males, 0.852 for females), confirming that crowd pressure increases nonlinearly and sharply as density approaches high levels.
Binary logistic regression showed that density significantly affected the occurrence of physiological responses (p<0.001), with odds ratios of 2.576 (male) and 2.742 (female), indicating a 2.6-2.7 fold increase in odds per 1person/m2 increase. The densities corresponding to a 10% probability of symptom occurrence were 7.01person/m2 (male) and 8.34person/m2 (females). This result aligns well with the pressure-significant density levels identified through one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test, confirming that the pressure-based indicators and the survey-based indicators converge to the same critical density. This study experimentally clarified the relationship among population density, contact pressure, and physiological responses, and proposed a four-level crowd overcrowding index for male and female groups.

목차 (Table of Contents)

• 제 1 장. 서 론 1
• 1-1 연구의 배경 및 목적 1
• 1-2 연구의 방법 및 범위 4
• 1-3 용어 정리 7
• 제 2 장. 군중밀도에 따른 거동특성과 생리적 반응 9
• 2-1 군중 환경에서의 물리적·생리적 거동 특성 9
• 2-1-1 군중의 정의 및 다중 운집 형성 9
• 2-1-2 군중밀도에 따른 보행특성 16
• 2-1-3 군중 집단 거동 특성 및 생리적 반응 19
• 2-2 국내·외 관련 선행연구 26
• 2-2-1 군중 거동 및 다중 운집에 관한 연구 동향 26
• 2-2-2 다중 운집 상황에서의 생리적 반응 연구 동향 31
• 2-3 국내·외 관련 기준 34
• 2-3-1 국내기준 분석 34
• 2-3-2 국외기준 분석 48
• 제 3 장. 군중 압력 및 생리적 반응 실측 실험 설계 54
• 3-1 군중 밀도별 압력 측정을 위한 실측 방법 개발 54
• 3-1-1 실측 실험의 필요성 54
• 3-1-2 다중 운집에 의한 압력 측정 전용 장비 56
• 3-2 실측 실험 시나리오 62
• 3-2-1 실험 시나리오 설계 62
• 3-2-2 실험 대상지 개요 63
• 3-2-3 실험 참가자 특성 65
• 3-2-4 실험 진행 절차 68
• 제 4 장. 군중밀도별 압력측정과 생리적반응 분석을 통한 한국형 과밀척도 개발 73
• 4-1 인구밀도별 압력 분석 73
• 4-1-1 남성집단의 밀도별 군중 압력 분포 82
• 4-1-2 여성집단의 밀도별 군중 압력 분포 85
• 4-1-3 집단별 군중 압력 차이 88
• 4-1-4 인구밀도별 군중 압력 차이 91
• 4-2 군중밀도 변화에 따른 생리적 반응 평가·분석 99
• 4-3 한국형 과밀척도 개발 103
• 4-3-1 과밀척도 도출 근거 설정 103
• 4-3-2 한국형 과밀척도 제시 106
• 제 5 장. 결 론 108
• 참 고 문 헌 112
• 부 록 124