Recent increases in interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues have heightened the global importance of sustainability disclosure. Large corporations worldwide are establishing non-financia...
Recent increases in interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues have heightened the global importance of sustainability disclosure. Large corporations worldwide are establishing non-financial reporting as a common managerial practice, and many regions or countries are advancing the introduction of mandatory sustainability disclosure regimes. As a result, the European Union implemented the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) in January 2023, and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission adopted its Climate-Related Disclosure Rule in March 2024.
Meanwhile, sustainability disclosure is particularly emphasized in the real estate sector. This sector consumes substantial amounts of energy and resources during the construction and operation of buildings and accounts for approximately 42% of global built-environment emissions, thereby exerting a significant environmental impact. Owing to these characteristics, the necessity of sustainability disclosure is especially pronounced in the real estate industry.
Nevertheless, sustainability disclosure among listed REITs in Korea remains highly insufficient. As of December 2024, only one listed REIT (ESR Kendall Square REIT) had published a sustainability report, a situation that is closely related to the uncertainty of Korea’s mandatory sustainability disclosure schedule, which has been postponed from 2025 to 2026 or later.
The scarcity of existing research on the real estate sector is also noteworthy. Although the need for sustainability disclosure in an environmentally impactful industry has been emphasized, prior studies have mainly focused on listed corporations or large enterprises, especially in the Korean context, where research has centered on listed firms and public institutions.
Based on this recognition, the present study examines listed REITs in major countries. Since listed REITs are subject to disclosure regulations comparable to those applied to listed corporations, analyzing their sustainability reporting trends within the context of expanding mandatory disclosure is meaningful. Specifically, the United States, Australia, Japan, and Singapore were selected as the four major markets, and the institutional conditions of mandatory sustainability disclosure and the reporting trends of listed REITs in these countries were analyzed.
To examine sustainability reporting trends, the study first reviewed whether sustainability reports were issued. Despite the costs associated with measuring greenhouse gas emissions and establishing sustainability strategies, firms have voluntarily published sustainability reports; therefore, examining report issuance provides meaningful insights into their level of engagement in sustainability disclosure.
Next, the study assessed compliance with disclosure standards, which is an important factor in determining whether information is presented consistently. Sustainability disclosure varies across firms due to differences in corporate priorities, stakeholder expectations, and industry characteristics, resulting in limited comparability across firms. Thus, determining whether firms comply with standardized disclosure frameworks is significant for evaluating the consistency of information and analyzing reporting trends. This study focused on three widely used and practically adopted disclosure frameworks: the GRI Standards, the TCFD Framework, and the SASB Standards.
Finally, the study examined whether sustainability reports were subject to third-party assurance to secure their reliability and transparency. Similar to the role of external audit reports in financial disclosure, independent assurance of sustainability reports serves as a key criterion for assessing the credibility of disclosed information.
This study analyzed the three elements—report issuance, compliance with disclosure standards, and third-party assurance—based on sustainability reports published by listed REITs in major countries. In particular, the years 2020 and 2024 were selected as comparison points, corresponding to the period in which sustainability disclosure began to be emphasized and the period in which implementation schedules have been established.
The findings indicate that sustainability disclosure practices strengthened across all four countries. In the United States, the number of REITs issuing reports increased from 64 in 2020 to 109 in 2024, and the adoption rates of TCFD and SASB rose from 28.1% to 66.1% and from 26.6% to 65.1%, respectively.
Australia also exhibited changes in disclosure behavior. The Australian Treasury conducted two rounds of consultations in December 2022 and June 2023, and as a result, the number of REITs issuing reports increased from 15 in 2020 to 26 in 2024. Some adoption rates declined due to the development of the Australian Sustainability Reporting Standards (ASRS), suggesting that Australia is in a transitional phase as it shifts from voluntary to mandatory disclosure. In September 2024, the Climate-Related Financial Disclosure requirement entered into force, and mandatory sustainability disclosure will be phased in beginning in FY2025.
In Japan, the Cabinet Office Ordinance on Disclosure of Corporate Affairs was promulgated and implemented in January 2023, making sustainability information disclosure mandatory for fiscal years ending on or after March 2023. Consequently, the number of reports increased from 13 in 2020 to 41 in 2024, representing the largest growth among the four countries. TCFD adoption rose sharply from 15.4% to 95.1%, reflecting the increasing emphasis on TCFD recommendations during the introduction of mandatory disclosure. Third-party assurance rates increased from 7.7% to 70.7%, the highest among the four markets.
Singapore has long been the most proactive among the four countries in encouraging voluntary sustainability disclosure. In 2021, it introduced the concept of climate-related disclosure (CRD) as the foundation for sustainability reporting, and from FY2022, all listed companies were required to disclose climate-related information on a “comply or explain” basis. In July 2023, the Sustainability Reporting Advisory Committee published its recommendations, and the final version was issued in February 2024. As a result, Singapore recorded the highest level of report issuance, increasing from 26 REITs in 2020 to 33 in 2024, with all listed REITs publishing sustainability reports in 2024. Adoption of disclosure standards also remained high, with GRI at 100% in both years and TCFD increasing from 3.8% to 100%.
As shown in these results, the sustainability reporting trends of listed REITs are closely linked to the advancement of mandatory disclosure in each country. All four markets have either enacted sustainability disclosure legislation or clarified implementation timelines, and notable increases were observed in report issuance, standard adoption, and third-party assurance. This suggests that progress in mandatory sustainability disclosure has influenced REIT reporting behavior, thereby strengthening disclosure practices.
The findings of this study offer important implications for Korea’s ongoing discussions on mandatory sustainability disclosure. First, the establishment of a clear roadmap is urgently required. As demonstrated in major countries, specifying implementation timelines and clarifying disclosure standards at the early stages of institutional development play a critical role in determining the level of industry response. Nevertheless, Korea remains in the early phase of institutionalization. Thus, a roadmap must be promptly established to enhance the credibility and transparency of the domestic REIT market.
Stock prices of listed REITs in Korea remain relatively low compared with those of REITs in advanced markets and with domestic listed corporations. Although stock prices are influenced by various factors, insufficient disclosure of non-financial information contributes to information asymmetry, diminished credibility, and reduced transparency. Therefore, the introduction of a mandatory sustainability disclosure regime and the development of REIT-specific reporting guidelines are required. Relevant authorities must also provide detailed guidance reflecting the characteristics of the REIT industry and ensure alignment with international standards. Without such a framework, it will be difficult to secure the trust of both domestic and global ESG investors, potentially impairing capital inflows.
Furthermore, establishing a structured disclosure framework aligned with international norms is expected to enhance the global competitiveness of Korean REITs. Such a framework would enable standardized, sector-specific disclosures, strengthen the basis for rational investor decision-making, and contribute to improving the transparency and credibility of the domestic REIT market.
This study emphasizes that sustainability disclosure by Korean listed REITs should not remain at the voluntary stage but must be institutionalized through a regulatory framework with clear timelines and standards. This transition is expected to restore investor confidence and reduce information asymmetry in the short term, while supporting the sustainable growth of the Korean REIT market in the long term.