This study aims to explore, through a grounded theory approach, how developers involved in construction projects experience, interpret, and respond to civil complaints and conflicts arising throughout the construction process. Although construction pr...
This study aims to explore, through a grounded theory approach, how developers involved in construction projects experience, interpret, and respond to civil complaints and conflicts arising throughout the construction process. Although construction projects constitute essential national infrastructure and public goods—such as residential developments, transportation networks, and urban redevelopment—they have repeatedly generated significant civil complaints related to noise, dust, vibration, compensation, environmental impact, and safety concerns. In recent years, construction-related complaints have accounted for approximately 15–18 percent of all cases reported through public complaint platforms in Korea, with a noticeable trend toward increased complexity, politicization, and prolonged duration. These issues indicate that complaints in construction projects are not merely administrative problems but structural manifestations of social conflict shaped by competing interests, distrust, political influence, and administrative ambiguity.
Despite the growing social and economic significance of civil complaints, existing research has predominantly focused on institutional improvements, administrative procedures, or resident-centered conflict management. Consequently, there is a substantial gap in understanding how developers—the actual frontline actors directly facing and managing civil complaints—perceive, interpret, and respond to such conflicts. Developers are often held responsible for resolving complaints even when they are not the legal cause of the dispute, and they frequently become de facto mediators between residents and government officials. These circumstances create a structurally vulnerable position in which developers experience economic losses, delays in construction schedules, psychological distress, emotional labor, and organizational strain.
To address this research gap, the present study adopts Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory methodology to systematically analyze the experiences of eleven developers who engaged in civil complaint resolution processes between 2024 and 2025. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and analyzed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding procedures. Through this analytical process, the study identified 81 concepts, 26 subcategories, and 14 major categories, which were integrated into a paradigm model encompassing causal conditions, contextual conditions, the central phenomenon, intervening conditions, action/interaction strategies, and consequences.
The causal conditions include economic and psychological conflicts, such as demands for excessive compensation, inflated perceptions of environmental damage, and persistent financial burdens resulting from construction delays and administrative uncertainty. Contextual conditions comprise local residents’ distrust and resistance, political intervention, media influence, and administrative bias reinforced by electoral considerations. These multi-layered conditions surround the central phenomenon, which emerged as “developers’ economic losses and emotional exhaustion caused by recurring civil-complaint conflicts.”
Intervening conditions, such as ineffective mediation systems, lack of legal or expert support, inconsistent administrative interpretations, and the absence of institutional safeguards, limit developers’ available strategies for addressing complaints. In response to these constraints, developers employ three main types of action/interaction strategies: (1) compromise and avoidance strategies involving partial concessions to mitigate immediate conflict, (2) relational strategies focusing on building trust through repeated dialogue and persuasion with community leaders or residents, and (3) rational strategies grounded in legal standards, objective data, and formal administrative procedures. These strategies are not mutually exclusive; instead, developers selectively combine and adjust them depending on the intensity of public pressure, administrative neutrality, and the degree of political influence.
The consequences of such strategies are multifaceted. Negative outcomes include the recurrence of similar complaints, heightened administrative distrust, and cumulative emotional stress among developers. At the same time, positive consequences include institutional learning, strengthened organizational capacity, and the emergence of new perspectives on conflict prevention and governance improvement. This duality reflects the inherent complexity of construction-related civil complaints as mechanisms that simultaneously generate burdens and foster learning.
Selective coding revealed the core category as “the coexistence of field-centered survival strategies and institutional learning under administrative bias.” This core category captures the dual reality faced by developers who must adapt to fluctuating administrative interpretations and politically influenced decision-making while independently navigating conflict resolution processes. Developers gradually learn that sustainable conflict management requires institutional reforms, neutral mediation systems, and transparent administrative procedures. As complaints accumulate, developers transition from reactive problem solvers to proactive stakeholders advocating for structural improvements.
Process analysis further elucidated the cyclical nature of conflict development, consisting of four recursive stages: recognition of conflict, implementation of coping strategies, institutional learning, and demands for improvement. This cyclical pattern underscores the dynamic interplay between structural conditions and individual agency, revealing that civil complaints are not isolated events but evolving processes embedded in political, administrative, and social contexts.
The study makes several scholarly and policy contributions. Theoretically, it expands existing frameworks by conceptualizing developers as interpretive agents whose meanings, strategies, and learning processes shape the evolution of public conflicts. Methodologically, it demonstrates the value of grounded theory in capturing the multi-layered, process-oriented nature of construction-related complaints. Policy-wise, it highlights the necessity of strengthening administrative neutrality, establishing permanent mediation and conflict management centers, institutionalizing preventive governance mechanisms such as conflict-impact assessments, and reinforcing developers’ social responsibility and communication systems.
In conclusion, civil-complaint conflicts in construction projects should not be understood merely as administrative burdens but as dynamic arenas of social learning, institutional feedback, and governance transformation. The findings of this study suggest that when conflicts are approached as opportunities for structural improvement rather than obstacles to be suppressed, they can contribute to enhancing public trust, improving regulatory systems, and building sustainable relationships between residents, developers, and government institutions.