The purpose of this study is to comparatively analyze the National Pension System of Korea and the pension system of China by setting the income replacement rate and institutional sustainability as the core analytical dimensions. By examining the stru...
The purpose of this study is to comparatively analyze the National Pension System of Korea and the pension system of China by setting the income replacement rate and institutional sustainability as the core analytical dimensions. By examining the structural characteristics and operational limitations of the pension systems in both countries, this study aims to propose policy directions for future institutional improvement. In particular, under the conditions of rapidly accelerating population aging, this research seeks to explore policy approaches that can simultaneously enhance income replacement rates and strengthen social equity, while ensuring the stable management of pension funds.
In recent years, the sustainability of pension systems, the maintenance of appropriate income replacement rates, and the promotion of social equity have emerged as central issues in social security research, driven by intensifying population aging and economic structural transformation. As major countries in East Asia, Korea and China exhibit distinct differences in terms of institutional background, system design, operational mechanisms, and policy outcomes. Korea introduced its National Pension System during a period of rapid industrialization and has established a unified system characterized by mandatory universal participation, stable fund management, and efficient fiscal operations. In contrast, China has developed its pension system amid the transition to a market economy, focusing on expanding coverage, improving benefit levels, and securing fiscal soundness through continuous institutional reforms. These differing developmental trajectories provide an important basis for comparative analysis.
This study employs a multi-method research approach that integrates literature review, comparative institutional analysis, and empirical data analysis to systematically examine the design and operation of the pension systems in both countries. Specifically, it reviews the theoretical foundations, legal and institutional frameworks, and historical evolution of the two systems, and conducts a comparative analysis across five key dimensions: coverage scope, financing mechanisms, benefit calculation structures, income security levels, and fiscal sustainability. Furthermore, through empirical analysis, the study identifies similarities and differences in income protection effects, fund management performance, and social equity, while comprehensively analyzing the impacts of population aging, labor market transformation, and fiscal pressures on pension system performance.
The main findings of this study can be summarized as follows. First, although both countries have adopted multi-tier pension systems, they exhibit significant institutional differences in system design, compulsory participation principles, contribution structures, and fiscal support mechanisms. Korea emphasizes mandatory nationwide participation and a fund-centered, unified management system, whereas China is characterized by differentiated protection across population groups and places policy emphasis on expanding system coverage. Second, despite continuous reform efforts aimed at enhancing income security, both countries face limitations due to fiscal constraints, demographic changes, and structural social inequalities, with pronounced disparities particularly evident among low-income groups and between urban and rural populations. Third, in terms of sustainability, both pension systems confront common challenges such as deepening population aging, declining labor forces, and increasing pension expenditures. To address these challenges, medium- and long-term fiscal stabilization strategies are required, including adjustments to contribution periods, improvements in fund management efficiency, and the strengthening of fiscal support functions.
By systematically comparing the structural characteristics and operational outcomes of the pension systems in Korea and China, this study derives policy implications for pension reform in both countries and provides a theoretical foundation for future research on social security systems. Considering the experiences of advanced countries, it is suggested that both Korea and China can build sustainable and inclusive old-age income security systems by further promoting pension reforms focused on increasing participation rates, stabilizing benefit structures, strengthening fund management, and enhancing social equity.