The short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) band, ranging from 0.9 to 3 ㎛, is widely used in both military and civilian applications, including communications, remote sensing, semiconductor inspection, and medical imaging. Although SWIR photodetectors base...
The short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) band, ranging from 0.9 to 3 ㎛, is widely used in both military and civilian applications, including communications, remote sensing, semiconductor inspection, and medical imaging. Although SWIR photodetectors based on Group IV and III–V semiconductors, such as Ge and InGaAs, exhibit excellent sensitivity, their high cost, cooling requirements, and incompatibility with CMOS processes limit their widespread adoption. In this study, we designed and fabricated a MIS–Schottky photodiode structure using degenerate (p ++) silicon to demonstrate the feasibility of SWIR photodetection, which is not achievable with conventional Si photodiodes, and analyzed its electrical and optical characteristics. Considering bandgap narrowing induced by heavy doping and free-carrier absorption described by the Drude model, the refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) of degenerate p-type silicon were derived. The electrical and optical characteristics of the MIS–Schottky structure were then predicted using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and TCAD (Silvaco ATLAS). Due to the low resistivity of degenerate silicon, the tunneling current dominates in metal/degenerate-Si Schottky junctions, which makes effective photodetection difficult. To resolve this issue, TCAD simulations were performed using a metal– insulator–semiconductor (MIS) structure, in which an Al2O3 insulating layer was inserted between the metal electrode and the degenerate silicon. Then, the photo and dark currents were evaluated under an incident wavelength of λ = 1.5 ㎛ while varying the Al2O3 thickness from 10 to 50 nm. An on/off ratio on the order of 10-102 was achieved at bias voltages of 6–8 V when the Al2O3 thickness was approximately 10 nm. Based on these results, an Al2O3 thickness of 10 nm was selected as the reference condition for subsequent simulations. The on/off ratio was evaluated over the wavelength range of 0.6–1.7 ㎛ under the same operating conditions. Under reverse bias voltages of 6–8 V, the dark current ranged from 10-22 to 10-6 A, while the photocurrent varied from 10-19 to 10-5 A, depending on the incident wavelength. As a result, the on/off ratio remained several orders of magnitude across the entire visible–near-infrared (NIR) and SWIR regions. These simulation results confirm that the degenerate silicon MIS structure has the potential to generate a detectable level of photocurrent not only in the visible–NIR range but also in the SWIR band. Al2O3 layers with thicknesses of 5, 10, and 20 nm were deposited on p++ Si wafers with a resistivity of 0.005 Ω·cm by atomic layer deposition (ALD). A Mo anode pattern was then formed on the Al2O3 layer using a lift-off process, followed by blanket deposition of an Al cathode on the backside to complete the MIS structure. Focused ion beam (FIB) cross-sectional analysis revealed that uniform layered structures with the target thicknesses were formed for the 5 and 10 nm Al2O3 samples, whereas interfacial cracks were observed at the Mo/Al2O3 interface for the 20 nm sample. The non-degenerate Si MIS photodiode exhibited normal responsivity in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) region, with a cutoff wavelength around 1.1 ㎛. Meanwhile, the degenerate Si device exhibited rectifying behavior in the I–V characteristics, particularly for the Al2O3 thickness of 10 nm; however, the current difference between illuminated and dark conditions was minimal, resulting in an insufficient on/off ratio for practical photodetection. Future work will focus on optimizing the Al2O3 thickness, device architecture, and process conditions to experimentally achieve simulation-level light/dark current separation and SWIR photoresponse in degenerate silicon MIS structures.