Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of working angles on enamel damage and noise levels generated during piezoelectric ultrasonic scaling using an EMS A-type scaler insert tip. By applying the scaler tip at five clinically relevant angl...
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of working angles on enamel damage and noise levels generated during piezoelectric ultrasonic scaling using an EMS A-type scaler insert tip. By applying the scaler tip at five clinically relevant angles—0°, 45°, Point, Face, and Back—on sound and bleached enamel surfaces, the study sought to determine the differences in outcomes by condition and to identify potential correlations between noise exposure and enamel damage.
Material & Method: Fifty-eight extracted sound bovine teeth were sectioned into 7 × 5 mm enamel blocks, embedded in acrylic resin with the enamel surface exposed, and sequentially polished. Samples were randomly allocated to the sound group (n = 29) and the bleached group (n = 29). Bleaching was performed using a commercial in-office bleaching agent, applied according to manufacturer instructions with three 10-minute light-activated cycles; the agent showed a mean pH of 3.91. After bleaching, specimens were stored at 4°C in sterile distilled water without direct enamel contact to prevent demineralization.
Ultrasonic scaling was performed using a piezoelectric unit equipped with an EMS A-type insert tip at the five predefined working angles. Noise levels were recorded using a sound level meter, and enamel damage—depth, surface area, and volume—was quantified using a 3D laser confocal microscope (LEXT OLS5100, Evident Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Differences in Vickers hardness before and after bleaching were analyzed using an independent t-test. Between-angle comparisons of noise and damage were evaluated using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn–Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Non-parametric correlations and damage indices were assessed using Spearman correlation analysis.
Results: Face and Back angles showed relatively low noise levels in both sound and bleached enamel, whereas the Point angle produced the highest peak noise under most conditions. In bleached enamel, however, the equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) was highest at the 0° angle. In the enamel damage analysis, Back demonstrated the lowest values across depth, surface area, and volume. The 0° angle showed higher values than Back but still belonged to the relatively low-damage category among all angles. Face exhibited the greatest values observed in bleached enamel. In addition, the Point angle showed a unique pattern in which the damage values of sound enamel were slightly higher than those of bleached enamel across all three indicators. Three-dimensional laser confocal microscopy also revealed that the most pronounced and extensive defects occurred at the Point angle in sound enamel and at the Face angle in bleached enamel, whereas the 45°, Point, and Face angles produced deeper and broader defects than the 0° and Back angles. Correlation analysis showed a moderate positive relationship between noise and damage in sound enamel and a weaker relationship in bleached enamel, indicating that the association between the two variables may vary depending on enamel condition.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the working angle of a piezoelectric ultrasonic scaler significantly influences both noise characteristics and enamel damage patterns. Although the Back angle consistently showed the lowest damage values across depth, surface area, and volume under experimental conditions, its limited applicability in actual clinical procedures restricts its practical use. In contrast, the 0° angle exhibited slightly higher damage than Back but still belonged to the low-damage category overall and offers substantial clinical practicality, suggesting that it may serve as the most feasible and safe working angle in real clinical settings. Face and Point, however, produced higher levels of enamel loss depending on the conditions, with these effects being particularly pronounced in bleached enamel or when localized mechanical loading occurred. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate working angles to minimize both noise exposure and enamel damage during ultrasonic scaling. The results provide valuable evidence to support safer clinical decision-making and may contribute to the development of refined clinical guidelines and educational programs for ultrasonic scaling.