With the global population aging rapidly, interest in health management of older adults has increased. In particular, South Korea is entering a super-aged society by 2025, underscoring the importance of research on quality of life for older adults and...
With the global population aging rapidly, interest in health management of older adults has increased. In particular, South Korea is entering a super-aged society by 2025, underscoring the importance of research on quality of life for older adults and healthy ageing. Ageing is a physiological process in which bodily functions gradually decline, and during the ageing process, a variety of physiological and psychological changes occur. In the oral cavity, functional changes such as masticatory impairment, swallowing dysfunction, and tooth loss emerge with increasing age, and these changes can lead to declines in both overall health and oral-health-related quality of life.
Alongside growth in the elderly population, the prevalence of chronic disease, functional dependency, and diminution in activities of daily living (ADL) have become more pronounced, leading to expanding demand for long-term care services. These developments suggest that providing appropriate care environments tailored to older adults’ health and functional levels is essential. In particular, long-term care facilities differ in service intensity and structural characteristics, and therefore the general and oral health profiles of residents may vary by facility type. Nevertheless, in Korea, research comparing health characteristics of older adults across different care facility types—such as nursing homes versus day-care centres—remains relatively limited. Moreover, there is insufficient systematic evidence on how professional-led oral health promotion programs affect older adults in different facility types.
Accordingly, the objectives of this study are: to compare the general health and oral status of elderly residents in nursing homes and day-care centres in Korea; to identify the factors that determine why older adults are placed in nursing homes versus day-care centres; and to examine how a professional oral-health-promotion programme influences various factors in older adults in these care settings.
This study was conducted from March to September 2024 with 64 older adult residents from one nursing home and one day-care centre in Korea. Five trained dental hygienists performed direct examinations and administered surveys to assess the participants’ general health and oral conditions. Through cross-tabulation analyses, general, bodily, and oral health conditions were examined by facility type. A multivariable binary logistic regression was used to determine the factors that classify older adults into nursing home versus day-care center.
The cross-tabulation by facility type revealed statistically significant differences in long-term care level, ADL, instrumental ADL (IADL), number of medications taken, hypertension, blood-pressure classification, gait status, InBody (body composition analysis), oral moisture, diet type, tongue muscle strength, oral cleanliness, tongue coating, and halitosis. The logistic regression identified the following factors influencing facility type: long-term care level (OR = 4.8), tongue moisture (OR = 4.1), halitosis (OR = 1.1), and skeletal muscle index [SMI] (OR = 2.7) — higher values increased the probability of receiving care in a day-care centre rather than a nursing home.
Further, after implementing the professional oral-health-promotion programme, both facility groups showed significant changes in 7 of the 20 measured variables. In the nursing-home group, significant positive changes were observed in clinical tests, oral hygiene, ADL, WTC , and VFA, whereas negative changes occurred in SMI and WHR. In the day-care-centre group, most of the significant changes were in oral-related measures: positive changes in oral hygiene, halitosis, WTC, tongue muscle strength, and phase angle, but negative changes in cheek and tongue moisture. Ultimately, both groups showed common improvements in oral hygiene and tongue-coating index after the intervention.
In conclusion, because baseline general and oral health differ by facility type, the development and ongoing application of tailored professional oral-care programmes that reflect each facility’s characteristics and the residents’ health status are needed for effective promotion of general and oral health in older adult residents.