This study was conducted to address the increasing vulnerability of oral health among institutionalized older adults in Korea as the country enters a super-aged society in 2025, and to evaluate the clinical effects and field applicability of a profess...
This study was conducted to address the increasing vulnerability of oral health among institutionalized older adults in Korea as the country enters a super-aged society in 2025, and to evaluate the clinical effects and field applicability of a professional oral care program. Older adults residing in long-term care facilities and those attending day-care centers often have reduced capacity for self-performed oral hygiene due to frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive and functional decline, xerostomia, and polypharmacy. In addition, oral disease risk accumulates because of caregivers’ heavy workloads and limited access to dental services. Therefore, this study multilayeredly assessed the effects of a structured, professional oral care program on oral health in older adults using qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction)-based microbial indicators and image-based QLF (quantitative light-induced fluorescence) indicators.
A one-group pretest–posttest quasi-experimental design was applied to 64 adults aged ≥65 years who were residents of H nursing home and attendees of D day-care center in Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. The program consisted of toothbrushing training, tongue and denture hygiene management, instruction on auxiliary oral hygiene devices, management of oral dryness, and motivational education. The intervention was delivered once weekly for 12 weeks in the nursing home and for 6 weeks in the day-care center.
Seven target microorganisms (P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythia, P. intermedia, C. rectus, F. nucleatum, and S. mutans) were quantified using qPCR. QLF (Q-ray Cam Pro® ) was used to analyze ΔR, ΔR max, ΔF average, ΔF max, and the fluorescent plaque index (FPI; SHS). Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 29.0. Considering non-normal distributions, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman test were applied. Microbial quantification values were primarily analyzed after log10 transformation, with additional sensitivity analyses based on raw values.
In the qPCR results, no significant differences were observed in the log10-transformed values; however, the raw-value analysis showed a significant reduction in F. nucleatum after the intervention (p=0.037), suggesting that the program’s effects may be reflected at the microbial ecological level through changes in a bridging organism. The standardized, professional oral care program in facility settings demonstrated meaningful reductions in mature dental biofilm–related indicators and the bridging organism (F. nucleatum) in molar regions. Overall FPI and ΔF decreased gradually over time but did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). In contrast, ΔR decreased significantly in the upper left molar region (p=0.014), with a significant reduction in red fluorescence intensity—reflecting mature biofilm—particularly at 6 and 12 weeks. ΔR max also decreased significantly in the lower right molar region during weeks 6–12 (p=0.028). These findings suggest that the program preferentially weakened mature dental biofilm and bacterial metabolic activity in molar regions. This study supports the utility of combined qPCR–QLF assessment as an objective and reproducible evaluation approach for field-based oral health management programs.