This paper investigates predicate ellipsis in Mandarin Chinese, focusing on the syntactic and interpretive properties of the shi construction and its relation to pseudogapping. Building on previous accounts that analyze shi as a focus sensitive operat...
This paper investigates predicate ellipsis in Mandarin Chinese, focusing on the syntactic and interpretive properties of the shi construction and its relation to pseudogapping. Building on previous accounts that analyze shi as a focus sensitive operator (Teng, 1979; Tang, 1983; Liu, 2002; Xu, 2003), I argue that both shi-ellipsis and pseudogapping are derived via focus movement and phase-bound deletion at the Tense Phrase (TP) level.
Unlike approaches that assimilate Mandarin predicate ellipsis to English-style VP-ellipsis (Li, 2002; Xu, 2003; Ai, 2024), this paper shows that the Mandarin pattern is structurally distinct. The ellipsis site in Mandarin encompasses an entire TP, including tense, aspect, modality, and negation. Drawing on Phase Theory (Chomsky, 2001; Bošković, 2014), I argue that licensing depends on two conditions: a contrastive XP is raised to the specifier of the focus phrase, and shi as a focus-sensitive head occupies Foc⁰ to license TP deletion. This mechanism accounts for the observed restrictions on remnants, the obligatory presence of focus interpretation, and the interactions with modals and adverbials.
The analysis further shows that Mandarin pseudogapping is structurally continuous with shi-ellipsis. Evidence from remnant placement, interaction with aspectual particles, and the distribution of modals shows that pseudogapping and shi-ellipsis share a unified configuration. Their apparent differences reduce to which constituent moves for focus (subject or other contrastive remnant), rather than to distinct ellipsis types.
By revealing that Mandarin predicate ellipsis targets an entire TP and depends on a focus-licensing head, this study establishes it as a distinct TP-level ellipsis type and incorporates it into cross-linguistic typology. The proposal offers a unified derivational pathway for two seemingly distinct elliptical constructions in Mandarin, with implications for the analysis of ellipsis in other East Asian languages and for typological studies of deletion. It also demonstrates that the interaction of phase boundaries and information structure is central to how natural languages delimit and license ellipsis.