This study aimed to examine the levels of cognitive efficiency and play-situation–based self-regulation in four-year-old children within the context of an increasingly play-centered early childhood curriculum, and to investigate the relationship bet...
This study aimed to examine the levels of cognitive efficiency and play-situation–based self-regulation in four-year-old children within the context of an increasingly play-centered early childhood curriculum, and to investigate the relationship between these two variables. To achieve this purpose, the study addressed the following research questions:
RQ1. What are the levels of cognitive efficiency and play-situation–based self-regulation in four-year-old boys and girls?
RQ2. What is the relationship between cognitive efficiency and play-situation–based self-regulation in four-year-old boys and girls?
Participants were 48 four-year-old children enrolled in kindergartens and childcare centers located in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea. Cognitive efficiency was assessed using four subtests fromthe Korean Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Fourth Edition (K-WPPSI-IV)—Picture Memory, Zoo Locations, Bug Search, and Cancellation—measuring working memory and processing speed (Wechsler et al., 2019). Play-situation–based self-regulation was measured using a teacher-rated self-regulation scale for early childhood developed by Boyer (2023). Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0, including reliability analysis, frequency and descriptive statistics, independent-samples t tests, and Pearson correlation analyses.
The results were as follows:
First, the overall level of cognitive efficiency among four-year-old boys and girls was at or above an average level, with processing speedslightly higher than working memory. This suggests that four-year-old children demonstrate relatively efficient abilities to rapidly search for, discriminate, and respond to relevant cues in visual information. Both subdomains of play-situation–based self-regulation—Initiation–Persistence and Modulation–Cessation—also appeared at or above an average level, indicating that children generally showed emerging competence in initiating play voluntarily, sustaining attention and goal-directed engagement, and adjusting, stopping, or shifting behavior in response to rules and situational changes during play.
In additional analyses by sex, girls tended to score higher than boys in overall play-based self-regulation, with relatively higher performance in Modulation–Cessation. Cognitive efficiency showed a slight tendency toward higher scores among girls; however, boys and girls demonstrated largely similar levels overall.
Second, cognitive efficiency and play-situation–based self-regulation showed a significant positive correlation overall: higher cognitive efficiency was associated with higher performance in both Initiation–Persistence and Modulation–Cessation. This finding suggests that executive-function–related cognitive efficiency may serve as a cognitive foundation that supports children’s self-regulatory performance in play,including initiating and maintaining goal-directed activity and modulating or shifting behavior according to changing situational demands.
Regarding sex differences, cognitive efficiency was significantly related to self-regulation among boys, whereas no significant association was found among girls. Furthermore, exploratory analyses of the Cancellation task (organized vs. unorganized conditions) did not reveal clear sex differences; however, higher performance in the organized condition was significantly positively correlated with play-based self-regulation. This implies that efficiency in rapid information processing, selection, and decision making may be linked to self-regulatory performance in play, with this association observed more clearly in the boys’ group.
Based on these results, the study offers the following implications.
First, given that Initiation–Persistence and Modulation–Cessation observed in play were associated with working memory, processing speed, and overall cognitive efficiency, support in educational settings should extend beyond simple rule presentation or behavioral management. Specifically, teachers may promote both self-regulation and cognitive efficiency in play by clarifying goals, providing visual and verbal cues, structuring tasks step-by-step, and scaffolding children to monitor and adjust their own performance.
While considering sex-related tendencies, educators should avoid presuming sex differences and instead closely observe each child’s self-regulatory strengths and needs to provide individualized interactions and feedback.
Second, play support should take individual differences in cognitive efficiency into account by offering concrete scaffolding strategies that reduce cognitive load, such as adjusting task demands, providing visual supports, and calibrating activity difficulty In conclusion, this study is meaningful in that it examined cognitive efficiency and play-situation–based self-regulation in four-year-old boys and girls by specific subdomains and provided empirical evidence regarding the relationship between the two variables.
The findings offer a basis for understanding play-based self-regulation in relation to executive-function–oriented cognitive efficiency within the ongoing emphasis on play-centered curricula and may serve as foundational data for systematizing supports for self-regulation through play in early childhood education settings.
Keywords: self-regulation , cognitive efficiency, working memory, processing speed, SASEC , K-WPPSI-IV