This study sought to (a) explore, using quantitative data, what changes a ppeared in young children’s social competence before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and (b) understand in depth, with an emphasis on qualitative analysis, how those changes ...
This study sought to (a) explore, using quantitative data, what changes a ppeared in young children’s social competence before and after the COVID-19 pandemic, and (b) understand in depth, with an emphasis on qualitative analysis, how those changes were experienced and interpreted within the interactional contexts of early childhood education settings. The pandemic, as a distinctive social environment, fundamentally altered young children’s daily lives and relational contexts; accordingly, this study examined how young children’s social competence was adjusted and changed under these conditions.
In Study 1, an exploratory quantitative comparison was conducted with children aged 72 79 months to identify the overall di – rection of change in young children’s social competence before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The pre-COVID-19 group used data for children in this age range from the 7th wave (2014) of the Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC), and the post-COVID-19 group consisted of children of the same age sampled from early childhood education institutions in the Seoul metropolitan area. In the 2014 survey, 1,203 teachers and 1,559 parents responded to questionnaires on young children’s social competence, and in the 2023 survey, 677teachers and 677 parents participated. The study used the Korean adaptation of the Social Skills Rating System developed by Gresham and Elliott (1990) (K-SSRS; Seo, 2004). The teacher questionnaire consists of three subfactors self-control, assertiveness, and cooperation an — — d the parent questionnaire consists of four subfactors self-control, asse — rtiveness, cooperation, and responsibility.
According to the results of Study 1, the social competence of children who experienced COVID-19 was lower overall than that of children assessed in 2014, with statistically significant decreases particularly in assertiveness and self-control. In teacher ratings, self-control decreased from 2.40 to 2.36 (t(1421) = 2.23, p = .026), and assertiveness decreased from 2.48 to 2.41(t(1306) = 2.73, p = .006). In contrast, cooperation showed a small decline in teacher ratings (t(1336) = 2.26, p = .024), whereas parent ratings showed a small increase from 2.01 to 2.07 (t(1174) = 2.68, − p = .007). Responsibility changed very little, from 2.26 to 2.25, and no statistically significant difference was found (t(1063) = 0.37, p = .713). Overall, children who experienced COVID-19 were rated lower than the pre-COVID-19 cohort assessed in 2014, with significant decreases particularly in assertiveness and self-control; by contrast, responsibility showed little difference by period and appeared to be maintained relatively stably.
Study 2 is a qualitative study and constitutes the central analysis of this research. Focus group interviews (FGIs) and individual interviews were conducted with nine kindergarten and childcare center teachers who had educational experience both before and after the pandemic and who had taught children born in 2017 2018 who experienced COVID-19 – in early childhood. Specifically, the study included teachers who had taught children born in2017 2018 who attended early childhood institutions – as three- to five-year-olds during the period of widespread COVID-19 following the World Health Organization’s pandemic declaration in March 2020 (i.e., 2020 2022). Thr –ough this approach, the study explored in depth the process through which young children’s social competence changed and analyzed contextual changes in social competence centered on seven factors: self-control, assertiveness, cooperation, responsibility, empathy, communication, and participation, based on teachers’ retrospective accounts of the COVID-19 period.
The results of Study 2 indicate that young children’s social competenceafter COVID-19 was interpreted in teacher interviews not simply as a straightforward decline, but as an experience in which patterns of behavioral choice and relational coordination changed under limited social cues and altered interactional conditions. Self-control was described as an experiencein which, within routines reorganized around waiting, children knew the rules but did not immediately apply them in real situations. Assertiveness was described as involving both an increased tendency to seek help from teachers rather than negotiating directly with peers and the concurrent use of nonverbal and contact-free cues to express needs. Cooperation was described as an experience in which, even under conditions with fewer opportunities for joint peer activities, children adjusted in ways such as settling conflicts with attention to norms or aligning the flow and roles of play.
Responsibility was described as involving both experiences in which performance fluctuated in basic daily-living domains such as cleaning and tidying and experiences in which carrying out behaviors of checking and conveying hygiene and safety rules was strengthened. Empathy was described as an experience in which children maintained relationships by cautiously adjusting behavior rather than explaining sufficiently in words. Communication was described as a way of sustaining the flow of relationships through nonverbal signals and alternative expressive resources even under conditions where silence and interrupted speech occurred. Participation was summarized as being reconstructed, under conditions where formal participation opportunities were reduced, as a “way of living within the daily routine” based on a motivation to remain within relationships with peers and teachers, and as being characterized by adjustments in the timing and manner of joining peers according to social judgments aimed at maintaining the stability and continuity of play.
These results suggest that young children’s social competence can be understood not as a fixed ability internal to the individual, but as developmental behavior that is adjusted and expressed in accordance with situations based on cues available within sociocultural contexts. In particular, as members of a social community, young children adjusted the performance of social behaviors in a direction oriented toward carrying out rules and order and maintaining relationships in environments where norms and safety were emphasized, and some experiences may be interpreted as having been reconstructed in other forms. Thus, this study argues that young children’s social competence after COVID-19 should be understood not merely as a deficit, but as an experience in which modes of performance changed under constraints and some elements were reconstructed.