Nuclear power plants in Korea are mostly located in coastal regions and are frequently exposed to strong and highly fluctuating winds. Such environmental winds can degrade the cooling performance of main transformer coolers, potentially limiting allow...
Nuclear power plants in Korea are mostly located in coastal regions and are frequently exposed to strong and highly fluctuating winds. Such environmental winds can degrade the cooling performance of main transformer coolers, potentially limiting allowable transformer loading during high-wind events. This study quantitatively evaluates the effects of external wind speed and direction on the performance of axial fans and fin–tube heat exchangers using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
The CFD model employs the realizable k–ε turbulence model, an ε–NTU-based dual-cell heat exchanger model, and a pressure-jump fan model to represent the coupled fan– heat-exchanger system at the cooler-unit level. Wind direction angles of 0°, 45°, and 90° and wind speeds ranging from 0 to 50 m/s are considered to assess changes in airflow, heat-transfer rate, and oil outlet temperature under environmental wind conditions.
The results indicate that, under headwind conditions, increasing wind speed induces stagnation and recirculation zones at the fan inlet, which substantially reduces fan pressure rise and airflow through the heat exchanger. Consequently, the heat-transfer rate decreases by up to approximately 52% relative to the calm condition, accompanied by an increase in the oil outlet temperature. Performance degradation is also observed under 45° and 90° crosswind conditions; however, the most pronounced reduction occurs under headwind inflow.
These findings demonstrate that environmental winds can significantly impair the cooling capability of main transformer coolers, which may increase top-oil and winding temperatures and reduce allowable transformer loading. Therefore, external wind conditions should be considered in the design and selection of cooling fans and in mitigation strategies such as shielding structures and layout improvements. The results of this study provide a quantitative basis for evaluating cooling-performance derating and for establishing improved design and operational guidelines for nuclear power plant main transformer cooling systems.